Large-scale online scams are increasingly linked to organised networks that exploit trafficked persons in dedicated “scam compounds,” generating vast criminal profits and significant social harm. This session examines whether and how such operations are evolving from a cybercrime and trafficking problem into a broader security risk, including potential links to corruption, regional instability, and other forms of serious crime. Building on the outcomes of the 2025 Octopus Conference, the session will actively work with the Guide on Investigating and Prosecuting Scams, being developed by the CoE, using scenario-based discussions to explore practical responses. Participants will consider how multi-agency task forces, financial investigations, cooperation with banks and VASPs, and victim-centred approaches can be strengthened to disrupt these networks and reduce their wider security impact.