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Cyberviolence against women ⇒   Cyberviolence against children ⇒  Online hate speech and hate crime ⇒

Online trafficking of human beings  ⇒   Cyberviolence against journalists ⇒  

•  UNFPA (November 2023), Les violences fondées sur le genre facilitées par la technologie en Tunisie
• The Commonwealth Secretariat (March 2023): Addressing Online Violence Against Women and Girls in the Commonwealth Africa Region: The Role of Bystanders 
• The Commonwealth Secretariat (March 2023): Addressing Online Violence Against Women and Girls in the Commonwealth Europe Region: The Role of Bystanders
• The Commonwealth Secretariat (February 2023): Addressing Online Violence Against Women and Girls in the Commonwealth Pacific Region: The Role of Bystanders 
• The Commonwealth Secretariat (February 2023):  Addressing Online Violence Against Women and Girls in the Commonwealth Asia Region: The Role of Bystanders
• University of Melbourne, UNFPA, kNOwVAWdata (February 2023): Measuring technology-facilitated gender-based violence, a discussion paper. 
• Haut Conseil à l'Egalité entre les femmes et les hommes (January 2023): Rapport annuel 2023 sur l’état des lieux du sexisme en France
• The Commonwealth Secretariat (January2023): Addressing Online Violence Against Women and Girls in the Commonwealth Caribbean and the Americas: The Role of Bystanders
• European Institute for Gender Equality - EIGE (November 2022): Report on Combating Cyber Violence against Women and Girls
• Council of Europe (GREVIO), EDVAW Platform (November 2022): Thematic paper on the digital dimension of violence against women, as addressed by the EDVAW Platform, Also published in Spanish and in French. 
• UNODC (October 2022): Training handbook for criminal justice practitioners on cyberviolence against women and girls
• Rita Basílio de Simões, Inês Amaral, Sílvio Santos, Juliana Alcantara (2022) : Online Violence Against Women: Reports From the COVID-19 Pandemic Experience (also available in Portuguese)
• UN Women (November 2021): A Guide for Women and Girls to Prevent and Respond to Cyberviolence
• Council of Europe, GREVIO (2021): Combating violence against women in a digital age utilising the Istanbul Convention: GREVIO General Recommendation No.1 on the Digital Dimension of Violence against Women Keynote address by Dunja Mijatović, Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights
• Protecting women and girls from violence in the digital age (2021) - The relevance of the Istanbul Convention and the Budapest Convention on Cybercrime in addressing online and technology-facilitated violence against women.
• UN Women (2020): Violence against women and girls data collection during COVID-19
• UNESCO (2020): Online violence against women journalists: a global snapshot of incidence and impacts
• WAVE (Women against Violence Europe) (March 2019): webinar slides - "The challenges of fighting cyberviolence against women & the CYBERSAFE project"
• United Nations (June 2018) Report of the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences to the Human Rights Council 
• (Munk School of Global Affairs, University of Toronto (November 2017): Submission of the Citizen Lab to the United Nations Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences, Ms. Dubravka Šimonović
• Council of Europe Publishing (2017): Clark, Marilyn/Grech, Anna: Journalists under Pressure. Unwarranted interference, fear and self-censorship in Europe
• European Institute for Gender Equality - EIGE (2017) : Report on Cyberviolence against women and girls
• Al-Alosi, Hadeel (2017): Cyber-violence: Digital abuse in the context of domestic violence. In: University of New South Wales Law Journal, The, Vol. 40, No. 4, 2017: 1573-1603.
• Catherine Adams (August 2017): Report “They Go for Gender First”, The nature and effect of sexist abuse of female technology journalists
• Pew Research Center (July 2017): “Online Harassment 2017”
• Council of Europe (2016): Encouraging the participation of the private sector and the media in the prevention of violence against women and domestic violence: article 17 of the Istanbul Convention
• Henry, Nicola; Powell, Anastacia (2016): Technology-Facilitated Sexual Violence - A Literature Review of Empirical Research [See also the references related to this publication at http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1524838016650189]
• Moreno, Megan (2016): Electronic harassment: Concept map and definition.
• Woodlock, Delanie (2016): The Abuse of Technology in Domestic Violence and Stalking. Violence Against Women. Volume: 23 issue: 5, page(s): 584-602
• Lewis, Ruth; Rowe, Michael; Wiper, Clare (September 2016): Online Abuse of Feminists as An Emerging form of Violence Against Women and Girls. The British Journal of Criminology
• Lenhart, Amanda; Ybarra, Michele; Zickuhr, Kathryn, and Price-Feeney, Myeshia (November 2016): Online Harassment, Digital Abuse, and Cyberstalking in America. Data and Society Research Institute, Center for Innovative Public Health Research
• Reed, Lauren A.; Tolman, Richard M.; Ward L. Monique (2016): Snooping and Sexting - Digital Media as a Context for Dating Aggression and Abuse Among College Students. Violence Against Women. Volume: 22 issue: 13, page(s): 1556-1576.
• Holley, Peter (September 2015): Afghan women say hackers and threats have made them afraid of Facebook. The Washington Post
• Internet Governance Forum (IGF) (2015): Best Practice Forum (BPF) on Online Abuse and Gender-Based Violence Against Women Online
• Gender IT.org (2015) : Mapping Technology-based violence against women. Take back the tech! Top 8 findings. (2012-2014)
• Global Fund for Women (April 2015): Article on Online violence: Just because it’s virtual doesn’t make it any less real.
• Mijatović, Dunja (2015): Online threats of killing, rape and violence everyday reality for too many female journalists.
• Stairway Foundation Inc. (2015): “Cybersafe survey”
• UN Broadband Commission for Digital Development Working Group on Broadband and Gender (2015): “Cyberviolence against Women and Girls” 
• UN Broadband Commission Working Group on Gender. Combatting Online Violence Against Women & Girls (2015): A Worldwide Wake-up Call
• European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights: Violence against women: an EU-wide survey (2014)
• Gálik, Slavomír (2014): Možnosti a nebezpečenstvá komunikácie na internete (Possibilities and dangers of online communication).Trnava: Univerzita sv. Cyrila a Metoda, Fakulta masmediálnej komunikácie, 2014. 165 p. ISBN: 978-80-8105-605-5.
• Marcum, Catherine D.; Higgins, George E.; Ricketts, Melissa L. (2014): Juveniles and Cyber Stalking in the United States: An Analysis of Theoretical Predictors of Patterns of Online Perpetration. International Journal of Cyber Criminology, Vol. 8, Issue 1.
• Nyst, Carly (July 2014): Internet intermediaries and violence against women online. Facebook: A case study
• Department of Justice Canada, CCSO Cybercrime Working Group (June 2013): Cyberbullying and the Non-consensual Distribution of Intimate Images - Report to the Federal/Provincial/Territorial Ministers Responsible for Justice and Public Safety 
• Levi, Nathaniel; Cortesi, Sandra; Gasser, Urs; Crowley, Edward; Beaton, Meredith; Casey, June; Nolan, Caroline (2012): Bullying in a Networked Era: A Literature Review. Berkman Klein Center Research Publication No. 2012-17
• Stark, Evan (2012): Looking beyond domestic violence: Policing coercive control [Special issue]. Journal of Police Crisis Negotiations, 12, 199-217
• van Doorn, Niels (2011): Digital spaces, material traces: How matter comes to matter in online performances of gender, sexuality and embodiment. Media Culture Society, Volume: 33 issue: 4, page(s): 531-547.
• Paasonen, Susanna (2010): Labors of love: netporn, Web 2.0 and the meanings of amateurism. New Media Society, 2010 12: 1297.
• Plan International (2010):  “Because I am a Girl. The State of the World’s Girls 2010. Digital and Urban Frotniers: Girls in a Changing Landscape”
• Stark, Evan (2007): Coercive control: How men entrap women in personal life. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
• US Department of Justice: NCJRS Special Feature on Internet Safety - Cyberbullying and Cyberstalking (with several links to granted scientific papers on this issue)
• WIKIGENDER
• Introduction | Advanced DIY Privacy for Every Woman 

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• University of Nottingham Rights Lab (2023): Investigation into financial transactions used in the online sexual exploitation of children
• Council of Europe (2023): Reccomendation of the Committee of Ministers to member States on rights, services and support for victims of crime
• Council of Europe (2023): Outcome report of the expert workshop on EU proposed regulation on preventing and combating child sexual abuse
• WeProtect Global Alliance (2023): Child ‘self-generated’ sexual material online: children and young people’s perspectives
• National Office for Child Safety, United Kingdom (2023): Reporting on child sexual abuse – guidance for media and victims and survivors
• Council of Europe (2022): Handbook on the protection of children against sexual exploitation and sexual abuse in crisis and emergency situations
• Europol (2022): Guidelines for First Responders in Child Sexual Abuse and Exploitation Cases
• INHOPE (2022): Legislative Overview of EU hotlines and EU Member States' national law on CSAM.
  An overview of CSAM legislation when put in practice by INHOPE EU member hotlines
• WeProtect Global Alliance (2022): Framing the future. How the Model National Response Framework is supporting national efforts to end child sexual exploitation and abuse online
• End Violence Against Children (2021): Research report on "The Impact of Covid-19 on the risk of online child sexual exploitation and the implications for child protection and policing"
• United Nations Children’s Fund (2021): Ending online child sexual exploitation and abuse. Lessons learned and promising practices in low- and middle-income countries, UNICEF, New York
• WeProtect Global Alliance (2021): Global Threat Assessment. Working together to end the sexual abuse of children online 
• Council of Europe (2020): Handbook for policy makers on the rights of the child in the digital environment
• Comparitech (2019): Boundless bullies: survey on cyberbullying
• Kätlyn Jürisaar (2019): Õpetajate Küberkiusamine Õpilaste Poolt: Kiusatute Tõlgendused Ja Kogemused (Cyberbullying of teachers by students). University of Tartu, Master thesis
• Council of Europe (2017): Bullying: perspectives, practice and insights. Strasbourg
• Urban, Jennifer Ann (2017): The Need for Strict and Defined Cyberbullying Laws (November 20, 2013)
• Watts, Lynette K.; Wagner, Jessyca; Velasquez, Benito; Behrens, Phyllis I. (2017): Cyberbullying in higher education: A literature review. Computers in Human Behavior, Volume 69, April 2017, Pages 268–274
• Cyberbullying Data (2016)
• Dalla Pozza, Virginia; Di Pietro, Anna; Morel, Sophie and Psaila, Emma (2016): Cyberbullying among Young People. Directorate-General for Internal Policies - Policy Department C: Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs. Study for the LIBE Committee
• El Asam Aiman; Samara Muthanna (2016): Cyberbullying and the law: A review of psychological and legal challeng. Computers in Human Behavior 65 (2016) 127-141
• Hinduja, Sameer and Patchin Justin W. Cyberbullying.org (2016): Description of State Cyberbullying Laws and Model Policies (U.S. based study, 2016)
• WePROTECT (2016): Preventing and Tackling Child Sexual Exploitation and Abuse (CSEA): A Model National Response
• Wittes, Benjamin; Poplin, Cody; Jurecic, Quinta & Spera, Clara (2016): Sextortion. Cybersecurity, teenagers, and remote sexual assault. Center for Technology Innovation at Brookings. May 2016
• UNODC (2015): Study of the Effects of New Information Technologies on the Abuse and Exploitation of Children
• Gleeson, Helen (2014): The Prevalence and Impact of Bullying linked to Social Media on the Mental Health and Suicidial Behaviour Among Young People. Literature review commissioned by HSE National Office for Suicide Prevention and Dept. of Education and Skills
• Stone, Kelly (2014): Looking at bullying and cyberbullying: mapping approaches and knowledge. Study for the Scotland’s Commissioner for Gender and Young People (2014)
• Ševčíková, Anna (2014). Děti a dospívající online (Children and adolescents online). Praha: Grada Publishing. 183 p. ISBN: 978-80-247-5010-1
• Eckertová, Lenka; Dočekal, Daniel (2013): Bezpečnost dětí na Internetu (Safety of children in Internet) Praha: Albatros Media, 2013. 224 p., portr. ISBN: 978-80-251-3804-5
• Fryling, Meg; Rivituso, Giacomo (2013): Investigation of the Cyberbullying Phenomenon as an Epidemic (2013)
• Gregussová, Monika; Drobny, Miroslav (2013): Deti v sieti (Children in the web) 2013. eSlovensko. 111 p. ISBN: 978-80-970676-6-3
• Notar, Charles E.; Padgett, Sharon; Roden, Jessica (2013): Cyberbullying: Resources for Intervention and Prevention. Universal Journal of Educational Research 1(3): 133-145, 2013
• Short, Donn (2013): AB v Bragg Communications: Law's Next Steps: Should Bullying be a Tort ... or Even a Crime? Manitoba Law Journal, Vol. 37, No. 1, 201
• Council of Europe/Data Protection and Cybercrime Division (2012): Protecting children against sexual violence: the criminal law benchmarks of the Budapest and Lanzarote Conventions (Discussion paper), Strasbourg, December 2012
• Gardiner, Adelle (2012): The online behaviour of children and young people - Preliminary review of literature. Study for the Scotland’s Commissioner for Gender and Young People (2012)
• Langos, Colette (2012): Cyberbullying: The Challenge to Define. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, Volume 15, Number 6, 2012
• van Leeuwen, J.C. (2012): Literature review on the research on cyberbullying definitions. Universiteit Twente
• Montagna, Anthony Stephen (2011): When Words Harm: Cyber Bullying: What Should the Legal Consequences Be for Abusive Speech? Is it Protected? Should it Be a Crime or Sanctioned Under Civil Liability Law? (June 9, 2011)
• Rogers, Vanessa (2011): Kyberšikana (Cyberbullying). Praha: Portál, 2011. 97 p. ISBN: 978-80-7367-984-2
• Tokunaga, Robert S. (2010): Following you home from school: A critical review and synthesis of research on cyberbullying victimization. Computers in Human Behaviour, 26(3)
• Council of Europe (2008): Protecting children from sexual violence (A comprehensive approach). Strasbourg. ISBN: 978-92-871-6972-3
• Council of Europe (2008): Eradicating violence against children. Strasbourg. ISBN: 978-92-871-6432-2
• Council of Europe (2007): Eliminating corporal punishment (A human rights imperative for Europe’s children). Strasbourg. ISBN 978-92-871-6182-6
• Insafe Helplines (EU based network of helplines for children and young people online issues)

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• Council of Europe (December 2023): Implementing the First Protocol to the Convention on Cybercrime on Xenophobia and Racism: Good practice study
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• Council of Europe (November 2023): Study on preventing and combating hate speech in times of crisis
• United Nations (July 2023): Countering and Addressing Online Hate Speech: A Guide for Policy Makers and Practitioners 
• Internews (March 2023): Online Gendered Hate Speech Targets Women in Civic Spaces
• Council of Europe/Parliamentary Assembly (February 2023): Parliamentary Toolkit on Hate Speech 
• European Commission/RAN Network (February 2023): The ‘how’ and ‘why’ of hate crime and the implications for mental health practitioners
• Council of Europe/European Court of Human Rights (January 2023): Thematic factsheet on hate speech
• Global Freedom of Expression, Columbia University (2023) : Case law on Hate Speech, the Enduring questions of Thresholds
• Council of Europe/European Court of Human Rights, Department of Execution of Judgements  (December 2022): Thematic factsheet on hate speech
• European Commission (December 2022): Factsheet – 7th monitoring round of the Code of Conduct 
• Council of Europe (November 2022): Leaflet on CM/Rec(2022)16 on combating hate speech
• Council of Europe (November 2022): Guide on combating hate speech in the media in the Republic of Moldova
• European Commission (November 2022): Information provided by the IT companies about measures taken to counter hate speech, including their actions to automatically detect content
• OSCE/ODIHR (November 2022): Hate crime data for 2021 in 57 OSCE participating states
• OSCE/ODIHR (September 2022): Hate Crime Laws: A Practical Guide. Revised Edition
• Council of Europe/European Court of Human Rights (July 2022): Key theme: Article 10/Hate Speech
• Council of Europe/No Hate Parliamentary Alliance (August 2021): Racism, Intolerance, Hate Speech - A compilation of relevant text adopted by the PACE of CoE
• Council of Europe (March 2021): Report on research on how to identify incidents most likely to generate waves of hate speech. Also available in Romanian, German, Italian
• OSCE/ODIHR (March 2021): Gender-based hate crime. Also available German, French, Italian, Polish, Russian
• European Parliament (July 2020): Study on Hate speech and hate crime in the EU and the evaluation of online content regulation approaches
• Brown, Alexander (May 2020): Study on different models of governance of online hate speech. Strasbourg: Council of Europe
• OSCE (January 2018): Comparative Legal Analysis of Ukrainian Regulation of Hate Speech in the Media
• Citron, Danielle K. (2017): Addressing Cyber Harassment: An Overview of Hate Crimes in Cyberspace. University of Maryland Francis King Carey School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper, No. 2017-9.
• European Commission (May 2016): The EU Code of conduct on countering illegal hate speech online
• Council of Europe/Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (2016): Ending cyberdiscrimination and online hate
• Brown, Alexander (2015): Hate Speech Law: A Philosophical Examination. Abingdon: Routledge.
• Bakalis, Chara (2015): Cyberhate: An Issue of Continued Concern for the Council of Europe’s Anti-Racism Commission. Strasbourg: Council of Europe
• Citron, Danielle K. (2014): Hate Crimes in Cyberspace. Harvard, MA: Harvard University Press.

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• Online exploitation and child trafficking - research report (April 2023), available in EN and MK (North Macedonia)
• Council of Europe (January 2023): Recommendation CM/Rec(2022)21 on preventing and combating trafficking in human beings for the purpose of labour exploitation
• United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commisioner (2023), Online scam operations and trafficking into forced criminality in southeast Asia: Recommendations for a human rights response.
• Council of Europe (April 2022): GRETA's Study on Online and Technology-Facilitated Trafficking in Human Beings 
• OSCE (March 2022): Policy Responses to Technology-Facilitated Trafficking in Human Beings: Analysis of Current Approaches and Considerations for Moving Forward
• European Commission (April 2021): EU Strategy on Combatting Trafficking in Human Beings
• EUROJUST (February 2021): Report on Trafficking in Human Beings
• UNODC (January 2020): Global Report on Trafficking in Persons 2020 (Chapter 5: Traffickers Use of the Internet: Digital Hunting Fields)
• Council of Europe (October 2007): Trafficking in human beings: Internet recruitment

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• Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe/OSCE (3 October 2023), Guidelines for monitoring online violence against female journalists -
• International Center for Journalists/UNESCO (November 2022), The Chilling: A Global Study of Online Violence against Women Journalists
• UNESCO (2021), Practical guide for women journalists on how to respond to online harassment

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