Factsheet on the Roma Genocide in Germany
Recognition of the Roma Genocide
Recognition, official texts
The national socialist Roma Genocide has always been an uncontested fact for the state authorities in Germany. However, the recognition of the genocide was given concrete expression by German authorities and documents only during the last decades. On the occasion of the foundation of the Central Council of German Sinti and Roma (Zentralrat deutscher Sinti und Roma) in 1982 as a political representation of the Sinti and Roma in Germany and their reception by the former Chancellor Helmut Schmidt, the Chancellor stated the recognition of the Roma Genocide on the level of international law as “Völkermord aus Gründen der Rasse” [“Genocide for racial reasons”, non-official translation]. This statement by the German Chancellor was then followed by the recognition of the Roma Genocide by means of an official declaration of the German Government:
“Den Sinti und Roma ist durch die NS-Diktatur schweres Unrecht zugefügt worden. Sie wurden aus rassischen Gründen verfolgt. Diese Verbrechen haben den Tatbestand des Völkermords erfüllt.” [“The NS-Dictatorship inflicted grave injustice upon the Sinti and Roma. They were persecuted for racial reasons. These crimes have the characteristics of a genocide.”, non-official translation].
On 16th March 1997 at the opening of the first permanent exhibition dedicated to the Roma Genocide by the National Socialists at the Documentation and Cultural Centre of the Roma and Sinti in Heidelberg, the former President of the Federal Republic of Germany, Prof. Roman Herzog, stated:
“Der Völkermord an den Sinti und Roma ist aus dem gleichen Motiv des Rassenwahns, mit dem gleichen Vorsatz und mit dem gleichen Willen zur planmäßigen und endgültigen Vernichtung durchgeführt worden wie der an den Juden. Sie wurden im gesamten Einflussbereich der Nationalsozialisten systematisch und familienweise vom Kleinkind bis zum Greis ermordet.” [“The Roma Genocide was perpetrated for the same motive of race ideology, with the same intention und with the same goal of methodical and final extermination as the Genocide of the Jews. They were murdered systematically and in families from the toddler to the aged in the whole sphere of influence of the Nationalsocialists.”, non-official translation].
The denial of the Roma Genocide is prosecuted by a law provision (§130 par. 3 German Criminal Code) according to which public denial, acceptance or trivialization of Genocide committed under the National Socialist regime will be punished with imprisonment up to five years or by imposing a fine.
In 2011, on the 27th January Commemoration Day, Roma were represented for the first time.
In 2012, a memorial site for the Roma killed during the Second World War was built, which evolved from the cooperation between the German Federal Government, the Zentralrat der Deutschen Sinti und Roma, the Sinti Allianz Deutschland and the Jenischer Bund Berlin. In course of the establishment of this memorial, a document describing the persecution and treatment of the Sinti and Roma during the National Socialist regime was compiled and is now displayed on a panel next to the memorial and visible to visitors.
Data (camps locations, Remembrance places, measures etc.)
Belsen, Buchenwald, Dachau, Flossenbürg, Mittelbau-Dora, Neuengamme, Ravensbrück and Sachsenhausen) with several external sub-locations, are the places where Roma have been imprisoned, abused and killed. In these locations memorial sites have been set up, which treat the Roma Genocide as an integral part of their remembrance mission.
In 2012, a Memorial to the Sinti and Roma Murdered under the National Socialist Regime was erected in Berlin. It was designed by Dani Karavan and was officially opened on 24 October 2012 by German Chancellor Angela Merkel in the presence of President Joachim Gauck. It consists of a dark, circular pool of water at the centre of which there is a triangular stone. The triangular shape of the stone is in reference to the badges that had to be worn by concentration camp prisoners. The stone is retractable and a fresh flower is placed upon it daily. In bronze letters around the edge of the pool is the poem “Auschwitz” by Roma poet Santino Spinelli, although the monument commemorates all Roma and Sinti murdered during the Porajmos: “Gaunt face dead eyes cold lips quiet a broken heart out of breath without words no tears” Information boards surround the memorial and provide a chronology of the genocide of the Sinti and Roma. It is located at Simsonweg/Scheidemannstraße – between Brandenburg Gate and the Reichstag Building, 10557 Berlin. It is supervised by the Foundation Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe.
Apart from the sites and exhibitions at the concentration camps there is an exhibition dedicated only to the persecution of Roma: the permanent exhibition at the Documentation and Cultural Centre of German Sinti and Roma ("Dokumentations- und Kulturzentrum Deutscher Sinti und Roma") in Heidelberg. Another exhibition at memorial site Mittelbau-Dora used to be only devoted to the Roma Genocide in June–September 2008. The Munich Documentation Centre for the History of National Socialism has devoted a special exhibition on the “Persecution of Roma and Sinti in Munich and Bavaria 1933-1945” in 2016 and 2017.
Among a number of permanent exhibitions that include remembrance of the Roma Genocide , there are, for example, the exhibitions at the "Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand" (since 1998), the temporary exhibition "Topographie des Terrors" (about the Olympic Games in 1936, July 1996) or the temporary Holocaust-exposition at the "Deutsches Historisches Museum" in Berlin (January 2001), the Munich Documentation Centre for the History of National Socialism (since 2015) and many more.
Many sites have now been established to commemorate the persecuted and murdered Sinti and Roma, among them the memorials at the former Buchenwald and Mauthausen Concentration Camps, and the memorial for the murdered Sinti and Roma of Magdeburg, which stands close to Magdeburg Cathedral. Altogether, there are sites of remembrance, memorial tablets, names of streets and other signs indicating remembrance on the Roma Genocide in more than 100 German cities. A list of all of these is available at the ("Dokumentations- und Kulturzentrum Deutscher Sinti und Roma"). Some of the monuments are located in: Buchenwald (former concentration camp), Darmstadt (there are two monuments), Kiel, Cologne, Leipzig, Magdeburg, Stolberg (Aachen), Stuttgart, St. Pantaleon, Wiesbaden and Würzburg. Other memorial sites are located in: Asperg, Bad Hersfeld, Bad Rippoldsau, Bayreuth, Bergen-Belsen (former concentration camp), Berlin (there are two), Berlin-Marzahn, Bochum, Braunschweig, Bremen, Bremerhaven, Buchenwald (apart from the monument), Dortmund, Dreihausen (there are two), Düsseldorf (there are two), Essen, Flensburg, Frankfurt (there are three), Fulda, Geesthacht, Gevelberg, Greven (there are two), Hamburg (there are three), Hanau, Hannover (there are two), Heidelberg, Herbolzheim, Jena, Karlsruhe, Kassel, Kleinbachselten, Koblenz, Cologne (there are four, apar of the monument), Landau, Leipzig (apart from the monument), Leonberg, Ludwigshafen, Magdeburg (apart from the monument), Mannheim, Marburg, Merseburg, Meuselwitz (former camp), Mittelbau-Dora (former concentration camp), Mulfingen, Munich, Neuengamme (former concentration camp), Norderstedt (former camp), Nürnberg, Oldenburg (there are two), Pirmasens, Ravensbrück (former concentration camp), Recklinghausen, Reutlingen, Sachsenhausen (former camp), Sindelfingen, Singen, Solingen, Stuttgart (apart from the monument),Trochtenfilgen, Tübingen, Uckermark, Ulm-Söflingen, Weil, Wiesbaden-Kostheim, Worms, Würzburg (apart from the monument), and Wuppertal (there are two). The website “Gedenkorte für Roma und Sinti” lists all the memorial sites. The KZ Dachau memorial site frequently organises special guided tours on the situation of Roma and Sinti in the camp.
Considered as “racially inferiors”, the “Zigeuner” ("Gypsies") suffered from arbitrary internment, forced labour and mass killings. As early as 1933, German cities, without any federal order, started identifying gypsy families and imprisoning them in camps. In 1935, the Nuremberg laws formalised the persecution against Gypsies. In 1940, the Nazi regime launched the deportation of the Gypsies from Western towards Eastern Europe, where they were later exterminated. In the Reich, 80% of the Roma were murdered.
After the war, Roma survivors did not get back neither their German nationality nor their properties. Until 1982, West Germany refused to recognise the racial motive of the deportation and extermination of the Roma. In East Germany, despite a fast recognition of Roma and Sinti as a victim group of the Nazi cruelties in 1946, the access to compensation was impeded by anti-Roma practices (in order to receive pensions, individuals had to prove a permanent residence and job). In light of the antifascist GRD state ideology the racially motivated (Roma) Genocide was marginalised as one of the many crimes of the Nazi rule.
Specialised institution, commission, research centre etc., dealing with this issue
In 1990 the Dokumentations- und Kulturzentrum Deutscher Sinti und Roma was founded in the city of Heidelberg, Germany. This Centre is engaged in research and documentation of the culture and in particular the Roma Genocide under the National Socialist regime and therefore has organized several exhibitions on this topic. The Documentation and Cultural Centre furthermore cooperates closely with other national and international memorial sites. The Centre is financially supported by the Land of Baden-Württemberg as well as by the Federal Government of Germany. The exhibition assesses the Sinti and Roma Genocide and is the only permanent exhibition of its kind in the world, which makes the Centre an important museum of contemporary history and a place of historical memory.
Dokumentations- und Kulturzentrum Deutscher Sinti und Roma
Head: Romani Rose
Bremeneckgasse 2
D-69117 Heidelberg. Germany
Telephone: (+49) (0) 6221 981101
Fax: (+49) (0) 6221 981190
E-mail: [email protected]
Besides the permanent exhibition in Heidelberg, the Dokumentations- und Kulturzentrum Deutscher Sinti und Roma has also developed an exposition, which since 2001 is shown in the former concentration camp of Auschwitz. Similar to the permanent exhibition in Heidelberg, there is also a portable version, which has been presented in several major cities as New York, Warsaw and Stockholm since 2006.
Amongst the activities of the Dokumentations- und Kulturzentrum Deutscher Sinti und Roma there are also visits for survivors and youth organised to memorial sites as Auschwitz, Buchenwald and Sachsenhausen. Additionally, the Dokumentations- und Kulturzentrum Deutscher Sinti und Roma organises public events and presentations dealing with the consequences and effects of the Genocide on the culture of the Roma in Europe, as well as presentations on measures against right-wing extremism, racism and anti-Gypsyism, or topics like “human rights“ and “minority politics“.
Official initiatives (campaigns, actions, projects, commemoration days, museums)
In 1995 the “Zentralrat Deutscher Sinti und Roma” achieved the recognition of the 70,000 German Roma as a national minority by the Federal Government of Germany. In consequence, their language Romanes (or Romani), which is spoken by the German Roma, is officially protected as a minority language since 1997.
In the eastern Berlin district of Friedrichshain, a street was renamed ‘Ede and Unku,’ which was the name of a 1931 book about the true story of a friendship between a German worker’s son and a Sinti girl in pre-Nazi Germany. A gymnasium in Berlin was given the name of the boxer Johann Trollmann, a Sinti who competed for Germany’s light-heavyweight title in 1933. Even though he won on points, the Nazis deemed his fighting style ‘un-German’ and used this as a reason to deny him the title. Trollmann later died in a concentration camp.
Roma and Sinti’s history is recounted in the Lebendiges Museum Online (LEMO). The Dokumentations- und Kulturzentrum – Deutscher Sinti und Roma informs about the Roma Genocide, and also provides a chronology of the genocide.
Remembrance day
Since 1996, 27th January is the nationwide, legally acknowledged commemoration day for the victims of the Nazi Holocaust. On this day, German buildings show their flags on half-mast and the German Bundestag honors the victims in a ceremony. In 2011, Roma were represented for the first time.
On that day, all schools are invited to hold special lessons or organize events in remembrance of the Holocaust.
Furthermore, the German Bundesrat (upper house of the German Parliament, representing the Länder - counties) annually remembers the Roma Genocide in a commemorative speech during its last session in December. This commemoration takes place on the occasion of the yearly anniversary of the so-called “Auschwitz-Erlass” (Auschwitz-decree) by Himmler on 16 December 1942, which determined the deportation of about 23 000 Roma from 11 European countries to the concentration camp Auschwitz-Birkenau, where almost all of them have been executed.
3rd March is historically acknowledged as the commemoration day for the murdered Roma and Sinti, corresponding to the day of their first deportation to the Auschwitz camp in 1943. Yet, no official ceremony is organized.
Teaching about the Roma Genocide
Inclusion of the topic in the school curriculum
The 2005 report provides information on the implementation of Holocaust in the school curricula in the 16 Länder. The report has been drawn up on the basis of a questionnaire answered by the Länder referring to the issues: implementation of the topics of Nationalsocialism and Holocaust in the school curricula of the Länder, implementation in teacher training and preparation of the 10th anniversary of the Remembrance Day at schools for the victims of the Holocaust (i.e. 27th of January 2006).
The teaching of the Holocaust includes remembrance of all the victims of the National Socialists’ regime. Special reference is made to persecution and Roma Genocide in the curricula of the "Länder" (counties) of Baden-Württemberg (secondary school: "Gymnasium"), Hamburg (secondary school: "Gymnasium", "Hauptschule" and "Realschule"), Hessen, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (lower secondary school and "Gymnasium", "Hauptschule" and "Realschule") and Rheinland-Pfalz (lower and upper secondary school: "Gymnasium", "Hauptschule", "Realschule" and "Regionale Schule"). As far as teacher training is concerned, the Roma Genocide in particular is dealt with in Baden-Württemberg. Since the curricula of the "Länder" are implemented via textbooks, it can be assumed that the description of the Roma Genocide can be found in the textbooks within the topic of Holocaust.
Inclusion of the topic in the school textbooks
The Dokumentations- und Kulturzentrum Deutscher Sinti und Roma and the Zentralrat has published a variety of documentation (books, CD-ROMs, DVDs) on the history of Roma that can be found on their website. Their comprehensive catalogue to the permanent exhibition in Auschwitz, “The National Socialists’ Genocide of Sinti and Roma”, represents an important book of reference on this issue.
Training of teachers and education professionals
The Education Department of the Dokumentations- und Kulturzentrum Sinti und Roma, which was established in January 2001, focuses on gathering information on state and private education services, designing seminars for teachers and preparing teaching materials dealing with the history of the persecution of the Roma and Sinti minority during the National Socialist era and with civil rights activities in the Federal Republic of Germany. The department also analyses standard schoolbooks and makes recommendations.
The pedagogical website “Lernen aus der Geschichte” (Learning from history) is a portal that provides free educational materials and method proposals for teachers. It provides a catalogue of relevant websites, a bibliography and references.
Particular activities undertaken at the level of education institutions
Contact people for the topics of Holocaust and National-socialism can be found in the Ministries of Education of each "Land”.
Testimonies
Else Schmidt’s history was told by writer Michael Stewart in the book “Forgotten Genocides: Oblivion, Denial and Memory”, chapter 8 “The ‘Gypsy problem’. An invisible genocide”.
Reinhard Florian published his testimony “I Wanted to Go Back Home, to East Prussia! The Survival of a German Sinto”.
The story of Amalie Reinhardt who was deported to Dachau is available on the pedagogical Dutch website Romasinti.eu.
Initiatives of the civil society
The newspaper Bayerischer Rundfunk (BR.de) issued a report online.
Romani associations demand the institution of the 2nd August as the official Commemoration Day of the Roma Genocide.
Compensation: The International Organization for Migration (IOM) – whose headquarters are in Geneva -, in partnership with the Government of Germany, was one of the institutions in charge of paying compensations to Roma survivors of concentration camps. The Stiftung EVZ "Erinnerung, Verantwortung, Zukunft" (Foundation "Remembrance, Responsibility and Future") has funded various projects on forced labour during the Second World War, has prepared lectures on this subject and, furthermore, was responsible for the payment to survivors of forced labour camps.
NGO project: The German Roma Center Göttingen e.V. participates in the project « School of Remembrance – Producing knowledge about the Roma genocide and how to prevent anti-Gypsyism Partners » with Serbian NGOs, the Women’s Space from Niš and the Forum for Applied History from Belgrade. The Serbian government has recently acknowledged the importance of raising awareness about the extermination of the Jews during Nazi occupation and in early 2012 organized the first temporary exhibition on the Holocaust in Serbia 1941-1944. The history of the Roma genocide in Serbia during the Second World War, however, is still insufficiently studied and widely unknown. The two-year project ‘School of Remembrance’ is designed to collect information and produce knowledge on several levels. While one focus is on the historical research of the Roma genocide, its causes and mechanisms, another part of the project deals with anti-Gypsyism and systematic discrimination against the Roma today and asks how to fight it. They issued a first study in December 2014 on "The suffering of the Roma in Serbia during the Holocaust". Other educational materials and general information on the Serbian Roma victims of the Genocide can be found on their website.
The Documentation Centre of German Sinti and Roma and the Bavarian and Federal Agency for Civic Education worked on a project called "Between Discrimination and Emancipation: History and Culture of Sinti and Roma in Germany and Europe Partners". The project consists of putting together a collection of papers on the past and present of Sinti and Roma for teachers, scholars, students, disseminators of civic and political education. While organisations of civic education are generally able to make regular changes to their websites, the editors of textbooks are much slower. The proposed collection put together in this project is supposed not only to increase the availability of information to deal with the topic ‘Sinti and Roma’ in the classroom and elsewhere, but to show the life of Sinti and Roma from the perspective of the interaction with the majority society, based on historical evidence as well as through the recollections of members of the minority.
In Frankfurt a. M., the "Förderverein Roma e.V." organised the exhibition: "Frankfurt - Auschwitz", from the 11th of August to the 11th of September 2009. There is a catalogue: Frankfurt-Auschwitz. Dokumentarisch-kunstlerische Ausstellung zur Vernichtung der Roma und Sinti (2009). Pictures and information are still available.
The “Haus der Wannsee-Konferenz” (House of the Wannsee Conferene. Memorial and Educational Site) in Berlin holds a permanent exhibition about "The Wannsee Conference and the Genocide of the European Jews", in which there is information about measures taken against Roma people during the Nazi period, measures which were decided in a meeting in that house. For instance, the rooms 4 “Racist Policy and the persecution of Jews in Germany 1933-1939”, and 5 “War and Genocide in Eastern and South-eastern Europe” and 12 “The ghettos” evoke the Roma Genocide. It is possible to get access to information related to the Nuremberg Laws of 15 September 1935.
In 2000, the House of the Wannsee Conference set up an exhibition on the traces of the ghetto of Lodz in Poland which included information about the Roma who lived there.
The Munich Documentation Centre for the History of National Socialism has devoted a special exhibition on the “Persecution of Roma and Sinti in Munich and Bavaria 1933-1945” in 2016 and 2017.
The theatre play “Roma Army”, a Gorki Theatre production (Berlin), about a group of actors calling for a Roma army for the purpose of self-defence, celebrated overwhelming success. Since 2017 the play has played performances in a couple of major European cities.
Educational material
Brinkmann, B. et al. (eds.) (2000). Learning from History: The Nazi Era and the Holocaust in German Education = Lernen aus Geschichte: Projekte zu Nationalsozialismus und Holocaust in Schule und Jugendarbeit. Berlin: Press and Information Office of the Federal Government. [With CD-ROM]
Bruchfeld, S. et al. (2000). Erzählt es euren Kindern: der Holocaust in Europa. München: C. Bertelsmann. [Original in Swedish]
Dokumentations- und Kulturzentrum Deutscher Sinti und Roma (ed.) (2006). The Holocaust against the Roma and Sinti, and present day racism in Europe, DVD.
Domanski, H. (1999). Analysehilfen Erich Hackl "Abschied von Sidonie". Stuttgart / Düsseldorf / Leipzig: Klett.
Elkar, R. S. (2005). Chronologie des Völkermordes an den Sinti und Roma
Fischer, R. and Krapp, G. (2002). Erich Hackl: Abschied von Sidonie. Lehrerheft und Schülerheft. Rot a. d. Rot: Krapp & Gutknecht.
Krausnick, M. and Ruegenberg, L. (2007). Elses Geschichte: Ein Mädchen überlebt Auschwitz. Düsseldorf: Sauerländer. (contains pedagogical materials)
Ortmayer, Ch., Peters, E. and Strauß, D. (1998). Antiziganismus. Geschichte und Gegenwart deutscher Sinti und Roma. Wiesbaden: Hessisches Landesinstitut für Pädagogik.
Information material
(Auto)Biographies:
Franz, L. (2004). Polizeilich zwangsentführt das Leben der Sintizza Lily van Angeren-Franz von ihr selbst erzählt. Hildesheim: Gerstenberg. [Original in Dutch]
Lessing, A. (1993). Mein Leben im Versteck: wie ein deutscher Sinti den Holocaust überlebte. Düsseldorf: Zebulon.
Malinowski, K. (2003). Das Schweigen wird gebrochen: Erinnerungen einer Sintezza an den Nationalsozialismus. Bayreuth: Bumerang.
Müller, J. M. (2002). Und weinen darf ich auch nicht...: Ausgrenzung, Sterilisation, Deportation - eine Kindheit in Deutschland. Berlin: Parabolis.
Ramati, A. (1991). Als die Geigen verstummten. Bergisch Gladbach: Lübbe. [Original in English] Repplinger, R. (2008). Leg dich, Zigeuner. Die Geschichte von Johann Trollmann und Tull Harder. München: Piper Verlag.
Rosenberg, O. (1998). Das Brennglas. Berlin: Eichborn. [There are translations into different languages]
Winter, W. S. (1999). Winterzeit: Erinnerungen eines deutschen Sinto, der Auschwitz überlebt hat. Hamburg: Ergebnisse. [There is a translation into English from 2004: Winter time: memoirs of a German Sinto who survived Auschwitz].
Winter. W. S. & Gruth, K. (ed.) (2009). Z 3105: der Sinto Walter Winter überlebt den Holocaust. Hamburg: VSA.
Novels:
Fischer, C. (1992). Die Wälder des Himmels. Düsseldorf: Econ.
Lakatos, M. (1979). Bitterer Rauch: Roman. Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt. [Original in Hungarian]
Tuckermann, A (2008): „Denk nicht, wir bleiben hier!“: Die Lebensgeschichte des Sinto Hugo Höllenreiner. Dtv Verlagsgesellschaft
Book for young people:
Krausnick, M. & Ruegenberg, L. (2007). Elses Geschichte: Ein Mädchen überlebt Auschwitz. Sauerländer: Oberentfelden. The book includes didactical materials related and some interviews with Else that can be found online
Theatre:
Elses Geschichte Elses Geschichte was played in Walldorf on the 29th of March 2009 and was directed by Jasmin Rahimi-Laridjani. The play is based in the book Elses Geschichte, by Michail Krausnick and Lukas Ruegenberg.
About the Roma Theater Pralipe: The Roma Theater Pralipe, which was based in Mühlheim an der Ruhr, played Z 2001. Die Tinte unter meiner Haut (2001) in different countries, for instance Germany (Frankfurt a. M., Heidelberg, Berlin…), Austria (Vienna), the Czech Republic or the Former Yugoslav Republic of acedonia. The DVD Z 2001. Die Tinte unter meiner Haut (2001), by Valentin Albersmann, shows some images of the play. Pralipe ceased to exist in 2004.
Music:
Ferenc Snétberger, born in Hungary, gave the concert "In Memory for my People" on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the end of the Holocaust (1995). The performances took place in different countries, such as Hungary, Italy, Germany and the USA - in the UN headquarters in New York, in the International Holocaust Remembrance Day 2007. Ferenc Snétberger also composed the music for the play Z 2001. Tinte unter meiner Haut (2001), played by Roma Theatre Pralipe.
The German Rapper Sido talks openly about his Sinti heritage and makes it a subject of his songs.
Paintings:
The artist Katarzyna Pollock deals with the topic of the Roma Genocide.
Remembrance:
On January 27, 2004 there was a remembrance of the Roma Genocide in Heidelberg. In the event Senta Berger read texts on the subject, and Diego Köhler and Lothar Arnold played several pieces of music. The event was recorded in the CD: Rose, R. et al. (2004). "Alles, was hier geschah, war unfassbar". Heidelberg: Dokumentations- und Kulturzentrum Sinti und Roma.
Exhibitions:
The "Dokumentations- und Kulturzentrum Deutscher Sinti und Roma" (Documentation and Cultural Centre of German Sinti and Roma) has organised several exhibitions in Germany and Europe on the Roma Genocide. The Centre offers the travelling exhibition - in English - "The Holocaust against the Roma and Sinti and present day racism in Europe". This exhibition has been hold in many countries and cities, such as Strasbourg (2006), Budapest (2006), Pécs (2006), Prague (2006) and Brno (2006). The Centre also published a DVD with information and photos of the exhibition: The Holocaust against the Roma and Sinti, and present day racism in Europe, 2006.
Scientific publications
Aas, N. (2001). Sinti und Roma im KZ Flossenbürg und in seinen Aussenlagern Wolkenburg und Zwodau. Bayreuth: Bumerang.
Abendroth, E. and Behringer, J. (eds.) (1993). “Der Schrecken aber endete nicht”: Reden gegen das Vergessen: Sinti und Roma in Frankfurt am Main: Deportation im Nationalsozialismus: Diskriminierung heute. Frankfurt am Main: Institut für Stadtgeschichte, Historikerkoordination.
Adelsberger, L. (2001). Auschwitz: ein Tatsachenbericht. Das Vermächtnis der Opfer für uns Juden und für alle Menschen. Bonn: Bouvier. [This is a reprinting of the old edition. There is another edition in 2005. Also translated into English]
Angeren-Franz, L. van and Schmid, H.-D. (eds.) (2004). Polizeilich zwangsentführt das Leben der Sintizza Lily van Angeren-Franz von ihr selbst erzählt. Hildesheim: Gerstenberg.
Apel, L. (2009). In den Tod geschickt: die Deportation von Juden, Roma und Sinti aus Hamburg 1940 bis 1945. Berlin: Metropol. [In German and English]
Arnold, H. (1989). Die NS-Zigeunerverfolgung: ihre Ausdeutung und Ausbeutung: Fakten, Mythos, Agitation, Kommerz. Aschaffenburg: K.-H. Gerster.
Awosusi, A. and Krausnick, M. (1992). Katalog zur Ausstellung “Die Überlebenden sind die Ausnahme”: der Völkermord an Sinti und Roma: eine Ausstellung des Verbandes Deutscher Sinti, Landesverband Rheinland-Pfalz. Landau/Pfalz: Verband Deutscher Sinti, Landesverband Rheinland-Pfalz.
Baaske, R. et al. (eds.) (2004). Aus Niedersachsen nach Auschwitz. Die Verfolgung der Sinti und Roma in der NS-Zeit. Katalog zur Ausstellung des Niedersächsischen Verbandes Deutscher Sinti e.V.. Bielefeld: Verlag für Regionalgeschichte
Bamberger, E. (ed.) (1994). Der Völkermord an den Sinti und Roma in der Gedenkstättenarbeit: Tagung im Berliner Reichstag am 15. und 16. Dezember 1993. Heidelberg: Dokumentations- und Kulturzentrum Deutscher Sinti und Roma.
Bamberger, E. and Ehmann, A. (eds.) (1995). Kinder und Jugendliche als Opfer des Holocaust: Dokumentation einer internationalen Tagung in der Gedenkstätte Haus der Wannseekonferenz, 12. bis 14. Dezember 1994. Heidelberg: Dokumentationszentrum Deutscher Sinti und Roma and Gedenkstätte Haus der Wannseekonferenz.
Bastian, T. (2001). Sinti und Roma im Dritten Reich: Geschichte einer Verfolgung. München: Beck.
Benz, W. (1999). The Holocaust: A German Historian Examines the Genocide. New York: Columbia University Press.
Binding, K. and Hoche, A. (1920). Die Freigabe der Vernichtung lebensunwerten Lebens. Leipzig: Felix Meiner.
Block, M. F. (1936). Zigeuner: ihr Leben und ihre Seele, dargestellt auf Grund eigener Reisen und Forschungen; mit 99 Abbildungen und 64 Kunstdrucktafeln. Leipzig: Bibliographisches Institut.
Braun, H. (1986). “A Sinto Survivor Speaks”. In: Grumet, J. (ed.). Papers from the Sixth and Seventh Annual Meetings, Gypsy Lore Society, North American Chapter. New York: The Society, pp. 165-171.
Bruchfeld, S. et al. (2000). Erzählt es euren Kindern: der Holocaust in Europa. München: C. Bertelsmann. [Original in Swedish]
Domanski, H. (1999). Analysehilfen Erich Hackl "Abschied von Sidonie". Stuttgart / Düsseldorf / Leipzig: Klett.
Dokumentations- und Kulturzentrum Deutscher Sinti und Roma (ed.) (2000). Der nationalsozialistische Völkermord an den Sinti und Roma: eine Dokumentation. Heidelberg:
Dokumentations- und Kulturzentrum Deutscher Sinti und Roma, CD-ROM.
Dokumentations- und Kulturzentrum Deutscher Sinti und Roma (ed.) (2006). The Holocaust against the Roma and Sinti, and present day racism in Europe, DVD.
Dokumentations- und Kulturzentrum Deutscher Sinti und Roma and Kulturverein Österreichischer Roma (1998). Mauthausen: Mahnmal für die ermordeten Sinti und Roma. Heidelberg:
Dokumentations- und Kulturzentrum Deutscher Sinti und Roma, Kulturverein Österreichischer Roma.
Döppert, M. (ed.), Reinhart, L. and Winter, M. (1999). Überwintern: Jugenderinnerungen eines schwäbischen Zigeuners. Gerlingen: Bleicher.
Eiber, L., Strauss, E. and Krausnick, M. (1993). “Ich wußte es wird schlimm”: die Verfolgung der Sinti und Roma in München. München: Buchendorfer.
Engbring-Romang, U. (1996). Fulda. Auschwitz: zur Verfolgung der Sinti in Fulda. Darmstadt: Verband Deutscher Sinti und Roma, Landesverband Hessen.
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Multimedia material
The Stiftung EVZ "Erinnerung, Verantwortung, Zukunft" (Foundation "Remembrance, Responsibility and Future") has funded different projects concerning the Roma Genocide. These are: "Verfolgungserfahrung. Zeitzeugen aus der St. Josephspflege in Mulfingen treffen heutige Schüler", "Begegnung von Roma-Holocaust-Überlebenden aus Ungarn mit israelischen Jugendlichen in Israel", "Besuch von NS-Überlebenden aus dem Verband Dt. Sinti und Roma in Krakau und Auschwitz", "25 Holocaust-Überlebende fahren zum Internationalen Auschwitz-Gedenktag der Sinti und Roma nach Polen", and "Begegnung mit der Romni Ceija Stojka, einer Überlebenden des KZ-Bergen-Belsen".
The project “Netzwerk Erinnerung und Zukunft in der Region Hannover” offers information and a bibliography about the Roma Genocide.
The Documentation department of the Dokumentations- und Kulturzentrum Roma und Sinti has the task of documenting the history of the Sinti and Roma minority in Germany: the main focus of its work has been the scientific reappraisal of the genocides perpetrated by the National Socialists. For years now, staff at the Centre has also been collecting pieces of personal evidence from survivors and their relatives. Old family pictures are especially interesting in this context.
Filmography
1932: “Romani (Gypsy) campsite near Berlin” Historical fim. Germany. Silent film. 2 min.
This film depicts a Roma campsite near Berlin during the Weimar Republic.
1943: “Romani (Gypsy) children used in racial studies” Historical documentary. Germany. Silent film. 2 min.
Eva Justin, an assistant to Dr. Robert Ritter, the Third Reich's "expert" on Roma, made some experiments on Roma children in order to write her Ph. D. dissertation.
1970: “Att Vara Zigarne” (Be a Roma) Documentary. Sweden. Director: Peter Nestler. 47 min.
Testimonies about the persecution and murder of German and Austrian Roma during the Nazi era, and also the consequences up to the present.
1980: “Als Unku Edes Freundin war” (“When Unku Was Ede’s Friend”) Feature film. Germany. Director: Helmut Dziuba. 73 min.
The film deals with personal experiences and also the responsibility of young people during the Weimar period.
1980: “Schimpft uns nicht Zigeuner” (Does not scold us Gypsies) Documentary. Germany. Directors: Katrin Seybold and Melanie Spitta. 43 min.
About experiences in the concentration camp at Auschwitz.
1981: “Wir sind Sintikinder und keine Zigeuner” (We are Sinti children and not Gypsies) Documentary. Germany. Directors: Katrin Seybold and Melanie Spitta. 22 min.
About the continuing discrimination against the Roma up to the present, and also about Roma people in the Nazi era.
1982: “Zeit des Schweigens und der Dunkelheit” (“Time of Darkness and Silence”) Documentary. Germany. Director: Nina Gladitz. 60 min.
About the use of Roma in the making of Riefenstahl’s film \"Tiefland\" and their death in concentration camps.
1982: “Es ging Tag und Nacht, liebes Kind - Zigeuner (Sinti) in Auschwitz” (It was night and day, dear child – Roma in Auschwitz) Documentary. Germany. Directors: Melanie Spitta and Katrin Seybold. 75 min.
Some survivors explain their experiences in the concentration camps.
1985: “Verfolgt und Vergessen - Die Vernichtung der Sinti und Roma in Auschwitz und ihre Verfolgung bis heute” (“Persecuted and Forgotten: The Gypsies of Auschwitz”) Documentary. Germany. Directors: Reiner Holzemer, Jürgen Staiger and Hartmut Ühlein. 62 min.
Some Roma survivors from Germany visit the concentration camp which they left 40 years ago. The film also describes the fear of the Roma people, which has endured up to this day.
1985: “Ich war im KZ – Teil 5 ‘Rückkehr unerwünscht’ - Die Gaskammer” (I was in a concentration camp. Part 5. ‘Return Undesirable’ – The gas chambers) Documentary. Austria. Director: Karl Brousek. 25 min.
\"Euthanasia\" was the code for the first mass murder campaign against Jewish and Roma people - from Germany and Austria - which used poison gas. Four witnesses report their experiences.
1987: “Das falsche Wort. „Wiedergutmachung“ an Zigeunern (Sinte) in Deutschland?” (The wrong word. \"Reparations\" to Roma in Germany?) Documentary. Germany. Directors: Katrin Seybold and Melanie Spitta. 85 min.
About the motivations and practice of Nazi persecution of Roma people. There are also some interviews with Roma survivors.
1989: “The Forgotten Holocaust” Documentary. United Kingdom. Director: George Case. 50 min.
About the persecution and genocide of the European Roma. Some Roma survivors from Germany, Hungary, Austria, Poland, France and the Netherlands are interviewed about this topic.
1992: “Sophie Wittich – Aber man kann des gar net so sagen, wie’s wirklich war...” (Sophie Wittich - But you cannot say how it really was) Documentary. Germany. Director: Loretta Walz. 28 min.
Sophie Wittich speaks about her experiences in Auschwitz and Ravensbrück, and also about her own sterilisation.
1994: “Auf Wiedersehen im Himmel. Die Sinti-Kinder von der St. Josefspflege” (See you in heaven.
The Roma children from the St. Joseph orphanage) Documentary. Germany. Directors: Romani Rose and Michael Krausnick. 40 min. About the story of 35 Roma children who were victims of Nazi experiments – made by Eva Justin - and later sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau.
1995: “Pappo, der Schausteller: eine Sinti-Familie in Deutschland” (Pappo the showman: a Roma family in Germany) Documentary. Germany. Director: Renate Beyer. 48 min.
It is the portrait of a German Roma family since World War II.
1997: “Szczurowa” Documentary. Germany. Directors: Alexander von Plato and Loretta Walz. 20 min.
A Roma woman, who survived the 1943 Roma mass murder in Szczurowa, Poland, explains the events.
1997: “Ó, ty černý ptáčku” (“O You Blackbird of Death”) Documentary. Czech Republic. Director: Břetislav Rychlík. 58 min.
About the experiences in concentration camps of Roma people from Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia.
1998: “Zigeunerleben – Zigeunertod” (Roma life – Roma death) Documentary. Switzerland. Director: Samuel Plattner. 30 min. Language: German.
Travellers were persecuted during the Holocaust in Germany. Nevertheless, many of them were not given asylum in Switzerland. Margaret Meinhard Reinhardt\'s fate is just one example.
1998: “Meine ‘Zigeuner’ mutter” (My Gypsy Mother) Documentary. Austria. Director: Egor Humer. 30 min.
About the relationship between a daughter and her mother, a Roma who was a survivor of different concentration camps. Her life-story influences this relationship.
1999: “Ein einzelner Mord” (A single murder) Feature film. Germany. Director: Karl Fruchtmann.85 min.
About the execution of a Roma boy by an SS leader on the 31st of March 1945.
1999: “Ceija Stojka - Portrait einer Romni” (Ceija Stojka – Portrait of a Roma) Documentary. Austria. Director: Karin Berger. 85 min.
It is the portrait of the Austrian Ceija Stojka, a 66 year old woman who survived the Nazi concentration camps.
2004: “Willys letzte Reise” (Willy’s last trip) Feature film. Germany. Director: Nina Gladitz.
About a Roma child in a concentration camp.
2005: “Unter den Brettern hellgrünes Gras” (Under the leaves light green grass) Documentary. Austria. Director: Karin Berger. 52 min.
About Ceija Stojka’s life: she was a child in the concentration camps of Auschwitz, Ravensbrück and Bergen-Belsen, where she - and her mother - were liberated.
2007: “‘Wir haben doch nichts getan...’ Der Völkermord an den Sinti und Roma” (\'We did not do anything ...\' The Genocide of the Sinti and Roma) Documentary. Germany. Director: Gabriele Trost. 30 min.
About the experiences of some Roma survivors, and the experiments on Roma people.