Statelessness remains an issue of concern both in Europe and globally. The causes of statelessness are manifold and are often the result of intricate conflicts in nationality laws, state succession, forced displacement, historical and contemporary migration, structural birth registration problems, access to nationality and related administrative practices.

The right to a nationality is recognised in widely ratified international treaties, such as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the European Convention on Nationality (ETS No. 166), and is considered a gateway to the enjoyment of a range of other rights. It also constitutes part of a person's social identity as highlighted by the European Court of Human Rights. Yet, according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) latest estimates of 2022, there are some 442 000 stateless persons, including those with undetermined nationality, living in Europe. The lack of nationality has a serious impact on their lives, their enjoyment of the full range of human rights, including access to education, employment, healthcare, housing, and freedom of movement.

The Council of Europe considers as a priority the need to ensure the effective enjoyment of human rights by the most vulnerable, including those faced with nationality and statelessness issues.

Further to the conclusions of the international conference on “Statelessness and the right to a nationality in Europe: progress, challenges and opportunities” organised jointly with the UNHCR in 2021 and the Analysis of current practices and challenges regarding the avoidance and reduction of statelessness in Europe, the Council of Europe, through its European Committee on Legal Co-operation (CDCJ), focuses during the period 2024-2026 on issues relating to the statelessness of children and their access to nationality.

At its 103rd plenary meeting (19-21 November 2024), the CDCJ examined a feasibility study for a non-binding legal instrument on access to nationality for stateless children. It agreed to revise Recommendation CM/Rec(2009)13 on the nationality of children, and complement it with a checklist for policy makers by the end of 2026. In parallel, the CDCJ has prepared a Compendium of promising practice in respect of legal aid and representation, access to information and to justice for children in procedures relating to the determination of nationality or statelessness, adopted at the 105th plenary meeting of the CDCJ (18-20 November 2025).

These activities will contribute to the Council of Europe Action Plan on Protecting Vulnerable Persons in the Context of Migration and Asylum in Europe (2021-2025) and the Council of Europe Strategy for the Rights of the Child (2022-2027). Furthermore, the Council of Europe also contributes through these activities to the new Global Alliance to End Statelessness launched by the UNHCR in 2024.

Compendium of Promising Practices on Access to Nationality for Stateless Children

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Back Statelessness and the right to a nationality in Europe

Statelessness and the right to a nationality in Europe

An international conference jointly organised by the Council of Europe, through the European Committee on Legal Co-operation, and the United Nations Refugee Agency (UNHCR) will examine how member states in Europe can best address the problem of statelessness and foster opportunities to rally collective efforts to eradicate it. The event, taking place on 24 September both in Strasbourg and virtually, will include high-level speakers, senior representatives of governments of member States, national authorities with specific expertise in nationality and statelessness issues, judges, representatives of international and regional organisations, civil society organisations and academia, and stateless individuals.

According to the UNHCR there are more than 535,000 stateless persons in Europe. Not having a nationality impacts negatively on their access to education, employment, healthcare, housing and freedom of movement.

The conference will serve as a platform for exchange of good practices and experiences, including in the area of identification and protection of stateless persons, prevention and reduction of the risk of statelessness in Europe, and prevention and reduction of childhood statelessness, as well as related topics, building on the conclusions of the preceding technical meetings of experts on 23 September.

One key aim is to discuss, through peer to peer and multi-stakeholder dialogue, good practices and policy approaches in this area to support and promote the implementation or the ratification of the European Convention on Nationality (ETS No. 166), the Convention on the avoidance of statelessness in relation to State succession (CETS No. 200); the UN Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons (1954) and the UN Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness (1961).


 Conference website

Strasbourg 23 September 2021
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