Estonia has been high up in the press freedom index for years. Press freedom is guaranteed in the Constitution. The media field is specially regulated by the Media Services Act and the Public Service Broadcasting Act. There is no over-arching media law as media itself prefers self-regulation over law created by politicians. The Estonian Journalism Code of Ethics has been in force since 1997 without change. There are also two self-regulating press councils: Avaliku Sõna Nõukogu (Public Word Council, ASN), created in 1992, and Pressinõukogu (Press Council), which separated from ASN in 2001 and is affiliated with the Media Enterprises Association. The latter is stronger and more noticeable. In over 30 years, after Estonia regained its independence, no journalist has been killed or jailed for doing their job. Physical attacks against journalists are extremely rare, but in recent years, real and online threats and harassment have been on the rise. Most severe cases have been reported to the police and investigated. Estonian two private and one public media house have some protective measures in place for their employees, but freelance journalists have little defence. Journalists face the risk of self-censorship due to anti-defamation legislation and cyber-bullying.