Avenue de l'Europe
Europe’s human rights system is not only about protecting people – it is also helping to protect the environment. Across the continent, individuals and organisations have used the European Convention on Human Rights, the European Social Charter, and the Bern Convention to push for action on climate change, pollution, and nature conservation.
The European Court of Human Rights has already ruled on nearly 300 cases linked to the environment. By applying rights such as the right to life, freedom of expression, and respect for family life, the Court has tackled issues including air pollution, natural disasters, and public access to environmental information. Visit the ECHR Knowledge- Sharing platform to find out more!
Campaigners are also using human rights law at the national level to hold governments accountable for protecting the environment and addressing climate change.
To strengthen its work, the Council of Europe has launched major new initiatives:
Prosecutors and law enforcement play a vital role in this fight. Guidelines published by the Consultative Council of European Prosecutors explain how prosecutors can take action in criminal, civil, and administrative cases.
Environmental challenges also affect vulnerable groups. In 2025, the Advisory Committee on the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities published a factsheet highlighting the specific challenges faced by minority and indigenous communities, including the Sami people, and setting out steps to address them.
Environmental harm is also a human rights issue. Pollution, climate change and biodiversity loss threaten people’s health, homes and futures. By linking environmental protection with human rights, the Council of Europe gives individuals and communities powerful tools to demand change – and helps governments across Europe take stronger, fairer action to safeguard our planet.
Do you think you already know everything about EUR-OPA? It’s time to find out if you really do!
For over 30 years, the EUR-OPA Major Hazards Agreement (EUR-OPA) has provided a platform to reinforce and promote co-operation between its member states to ensure better protection against a major natural or technological disaster. To mark the International Day for Disaster Risk Reduction (13 October), EUR-OPA is happy to invite you to take part in a short quiz on the Agreement’s activities.
What is the relationship between the environment and the protection of human rights under the European Convention on Human Rights? How can human rights law contribute to strengthening environmental protection at national level? What is the relevant case-law of the European Court of Human Rights?
Find out more about the dynamics of environmental litigation in Europe
