The “Rule of Law. Human Rights” Bulletin No. 4/2025 contains information on:

• violations of the right of access to a court due to shortcomings in the resolution of issues regarding court fees;
• sanctions and limited judicial review;
• procedural guarantees under Article 1 of Protocol No. 1;
• violations of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 in the context of shortcomings in the adjudication of property cases involving bona fide purchasers;
• violations of the right to a fair trial due to unjustified restrictions on the right to defense;
• violation of the right to respect for correspondence due to the national court’s failure to apply the criteria developed in the case law of the European Court of Human Rights;
• violation of the presumption of innocence due to the shifting of the burden of proof from the prosecution to the applicant.

In addition, this issue includes a reference to the speech by the President of the European Court of Human Rights, Mattias Guyomar, and Judge Mykola Gnatovskyy of the European Court of Human Rights at the international conference “National Courts and the ECHR: The Role of Each, Interaction, Dialogue,” which took place at the Supreme Court (April 2026).