News about the protection of journalism and safety of journalists
2018
"Safety of Journalists Weekly"
2018
The latest edition of our newsletter has just been published. It presents a weekly summary of the Platform's activities, especially new alerts, updates and State replies among others.
2018
Thematic Factsheets
2018
The thematic factsheets highlight the European Court of Human Rights’ relevant case-law and the Council of Europe’s other instruments aiming to protect the freedom [...]
Liechtenstein makes a new voluntary contribution to the platform
The Government of Liechtenstein has renewed its financial support to the safety of journalists platform, by contributing to it further 20,000 Swiss Francs. The voluntary contribution agreement was signed today by Ambassador Daniel Ospelt, Permanent Representative of Liechtenstein to the Council...
New issue of Safety of Journalists Weekly
A new issue of Safety of Journalists Weekly has been published. Read it here and see the latest threats to media freedom reported on the Platform. Subscribe here to Safety of Journalists Weekly.
Secretary General 2018 Report: Role of Institutions, Threats to Institutions
Human rights, democracy and the rule of law depend on the institutions that give them form. But for populists, who invoke the proclaimed “will of the people”, these institutional checks and balances on power are often seen as an obstacle that should be subverted. The 5th annual report of the...
Secretary General shocked over the attack on investigative journalist in Montenegro
“I was shocked and saddened by the news of yet another attack on a journalist, in Montenegro. According to several media reports, investigative journalist Olivera Lakić was wounded outside her home in Podgorica. An alert on this case is being published on our platform for the protection and...
Excerpts from the Speaking Notes of the Secretary General to the 1315th meeting of the Ministers’ Deputies (2 May 2018) regarding Turkey
Cumhuriyet trial : Secretary General deeply worried by the chilling effect the heavy criminal sentences may have on media freedom
Turkey Last week, on 25 April, while 3 journalists were acquitted, 13 journalists and media workers from the daily Cumhuriyet, and the newspaper’s lawyer were sentenced to imprisonment for up to more than 7 years, on terrorism related charges. Akin Atalay was released pending the appeal...
Opinion editorial ahead of World Press Freedom Day
CoE Human Rights Commissioner calls on member states to improve the safety of journalists
Europe's duty to save journalists The brutal killings of investigative journalists Daphne Caruana Galizia and Ján Kuciak came as tragic reminders that Europe remains a dangerous place for journalists. How European states respond to these murders will shape not only the future of the press, but...
Council of Europe will closely follow the investigation into Jan Kuciak's murder, says Secretary General
"Slovak Republic First, on the murder in Slovakia of the reporter Jan Kuciak and his partner. In so many cases, journalists pay the highest price for courageous reporting on corruption and organised crime. We will follow closely the investigation, since it has repercussions well beyond...
Committee of Ministers
New guidelines on media pluralism and transparency of media ownership
The Council of Europe has issued guidelines to its 47 member states aimed at assisting them in the promotion of media pluralism and transparency of media ownership. In a Recommendation adopted today, the Committee of Ministers underlines that advances in modern technology have a profound...
Excerpt from the Commissioner's follow-up visit report carried out from 19 to 22 February 2018
Commissioner for Human Rights : "Concerted efforts needed to protect media freedoms in Serbia"
"As concerns freedom of the media, the Commissioner noted the agreement of all media actors that he met that Serbia has a solid legislative framework governing this field. ”Serbia also has great investigative journalists, some of whom have been presented with prestigious international awards. The...
Questionnaire on Recommendation on the protection of journalism and safety of journalists and other media actors
In April 2016 the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe adopted a Recommendation CM/Rec(2016)4 on the protection of journalism and safety of journalists and other media actors, condemning the alarming and unacceptable level of threats to journalists and media actors in Europe and...
The Secretary General informs the Ministers' deputies about the recent activities of the Platform
"A few words on the Platform which has now received close to 400 alerts from 37 countries. Last year alone there were 130 cases which were deemed by our partner organisations to be serious threats to media freedom. There is of course variation in the degree of gravity, urgency and action...
Platform Partner Organisations Raise Alarm after Grim Record in 2017 and Urge Close International Scrutiny over the Investigation into Daphne Caruana Galizia’s Murder
The Partner Organisations to the Platform to Promote the Protection of Journalism and the Safety of Journalists issued on 19 January 2018 their annual assessment of the 2017 media freedom threats in the Council of Europe member states. They urged the authorities to adequately investigate the...
The Council of Europe Secretary General refers to the recent decisions of Turkey’s Constitutional Court in his address to the Committee of Ministers
"On 11 January 2018, Turkey’s Constitutional Court ruled that there have been violations of the rights to liberty, freedom of expression and media for Şahin Alpay – a columnist for the now-closed newspaper Zaman – and Mehmet Altan – a journalist and economist who presented a TV-show on the...
PEN International joins Council of Europe Platform to protect journalists
The Executive Director of PEN International, Carles Torner, today signed the agreement to join the Platform to promote the protection of journalism and safety of journalists with the Council of Europe Secretary General Thorbjørn Jagland. The Platform allows trusted media freedom organisations to...
New factsheet published on the Platform
One new Thematic factsheet on detention with a view to expel, return, transfer or extradite a person to another country has been publsihed on the Platform The factsheets present a selection of resources and instruments of the Council of Europe, as well as the case-law of the European Court of...
Excerpts from the Speaking Notes of the Secretary General to the 1297th meeting of the Ministers' deputies(17 October 2017) regarding the Platform
The Secretary General expresses his distress at the news of the death of journalist Daphne Caruana Galizia in a car bomb attack in his address to the Committee of Ministers
I would like to express my distress at the news of the car bomb attack which killed a journalist, Ms Daphne Caruana Galizia, yesterday in Malta. Ms Galizia worked as a blogger and a journalist, investigating in particular cases of alleged corruption. Earlier this year, she has been a subject of...
Statement by Secretary General Jagland
Murder of Maltese journalist Daphne Caruana Galizia
“I am appalled by the brutal death of Maltese journalist and blogger Ms Daphne Caruana Galizia, in a car bombing yesterday in Malta. As expressed by the Prime Minister of Malta, a thorough investigation is necessary to find those responsible for her death. For many years Ms Caruana Galizia has...
Commissioner for Human Rights - Arbitrary Internet blocking jeopardises freedom of expression
“Internet blocking is a widespread phenomenon in Council of Europe member states”, there is increased online censorship and an upsurge of legislation on blocking in the context of conter-terrorism, wrote Nils Muižnieks, Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights, in his latest Human Rights...
New factsheets published on the Platform
Two new thematic factsheets related to media freedom issues have been published on the Platform, covering the following topics: Freedom of expression and religious beliefs: striking the right balance Hate speech, apology of violence, promoting negationism and condoning terrorism: the limits to...
Council of Europe experts discuss freedom of expression and terrorism with the Turkish authorities
On 7 and 8 September 2017, the working group between the Council of Europe and the Turkish Ministry of Justice met in Ankara to discuss issues relating to freedom of expression and the fight against terrorism in Turkey. The Council of Europe experts also held exchanges with members of the...
Follow-ups to alerts
16 August 2018
Journalists Beaten by Riot Police During Bucharest Protest
6 August 2018
Journalist Enrico Nascimbeni Attacked with a Knife in Milan
6 August 2018
Turkish Cypriot Journalists Sener Levent and Ali Osman Facing Charges in Turkey
31 July 2018
Violence against Journalists during Veteran Protest in Sarajevo
31 July 2018
Threats against the President of the National Union of Journalists of Ukraine
31 July 2018
Russian Media Organisations Banned for Three Years in Ukraine
20 July 2018
Greek Journalist Tony Bosnakoudis Detained when Investigating Police and Bus Company Links to Illegal Traffickers
19 July 2018
Journalist Extradited from Ukraine to Turkey
17 July 2018
Masterminds still not Brought to Justice, Ten Years after the Murder of Novaya Gazeta Journalist Anna Politkovskaya
12 July 2018
RIA Novosti Journalist Kyrylo Vyshynsky Held on Treason Allegations in Ukraine
6 July 2018
Draft Bill to Allow Blocking of Internet Sites Without a Court Order
4 July 2018
Slovak Police Seize Mobile Phone of Czech Investigative Reporter
4 July 2018
Slovak Journalist Gets a Suspended Sentence for Defamation
29 June 2018
Dutch Biggest Daily De Telegraaf Attacked in Latest Incident Targeting Media
28 June 2018
Bulgarian Journalist Georgi Ezekiev, Zov News Website Publisher, Receives Death Threat in a Filmed Interview
28 June 2018
Bulgarian Investigative Journalist's Car Set on Fire following Warnings about TV Reports
28 June 2018
Bulgarian TV Presenter Assaulted and Injured in Central Sofia
27 June 2018
Journalist Hospitalised Following Assault
27 June 2018
Investigative Journalist Daphne Caruana Galizia Killed by Car Bomb
6 June 2018
Threats against the President of the National Union of Journalists of Ukraine
6 June 2018
Ukraine: New draft Bill Risks Interfering with the Editorial Policy of the Public Service Media
6 June 2018
Ukrainian Journalist Missing in Donbass
5 June 2018
Corporate Secrets Bill Threatens Right to Information
5 June 2018
The Weekly Challenges Convicted for Publishing an Article on the Financial Difficulties of an International Group
5 June 2018
Ukrainian Journalist Held on ‘Spying‘ Allegations
18 May 2018
Slovak Police Seize Mobile Phone of Czech Investigative Reporter
17 May 2018
Journalists Arrested in Major Clampdown following Failed Coup in Turkey
16 May 2018
RIA Novosti Journalist Kyrylo Vyshynsky Held on Treason Allegations in Ukraine
16 May 2018
Russia: Proposed Amendments to Criminal Code Threaten Media Freedom
16 May 2018
Malta Economy Minister Issues four Libel Suits and Warrants Against Blogger Daphne Caruana Galizia
9 May 2018
Vijesti Investigative Journalist Olivera Lakić Shot and Injured
9 May 2018
Vijesti Investigative Journalist Olivera Lakić Shot and Injured
9 May 2018
Vijesti Investigative Journalist Olivera Lakić Shot and Injured
4 May 2018
Slovak Journalist Gets a Suspended Sentence for Defamation
4 May 2018
Turkey: Arrest of At Least 12 Employees of Cumhuriyet Newspaper
2 May 2018
Russia: Blocking of Telegram and Collateral Temporary Blocking of Media Sites
2 May 2018
Ukrainian Police Accused of Violence against Journalists, Leaving one Hospitalized
2 May 2018
Arson Attack on News Website in Northwestern Ukraine
26 April 2018
Turkey: Arrest of At Least 12 Employees of Cumhuriyet Newspaper
25 April 2018
Russian Journalist Dies Under Suspicious Circumstances
24 April 2018
Investigative Journalist Daphne Caruana Galizia Killed by Car Bomb
20 April 2018
Criminal Investigation Opened Against Journalists for Solidarity Campaign
18 April 2018
ETHA Journalists Detained and Arrested in Turkey
18 April 2018
Azerbaijani Journalist With Dutch citizenship Fears for His Life after Attack In Kyiv
17 April 2018
Armenian TV Station Editor Assaulted While Reporting on Road Building Project
17 April 2018
Armenian Journalist Attacked While Covering Parliamentary Elections
17 April 2018
Armenian Journalists Injured in Police Violence against Media Journalists covering Street Demonstrations
17 April 2018
Journalists Beaten and Arrested while Covering Protest Demonstration
16 April 2018
Increased Verbal Abuse Against Independent Serbian Media.
16 April 2018
Serbian Weekly ‘Vranjske Novine’ Closed Following Administrative Harassment
16 April 2018
Journalists from Magločistač News Portal Receive Death Threats
16 April 2018
Journalist Stefan Cvetkovic Sentenced to Jail for Unauthorised Publication
12 April 2018
Intimidation Campaign against NUNS (Independent Journalists Association of Serbia)
12 April 2018
Closure of the Serbian National Press Agency Tanjug
11 April 2018
Serbian Reporter Lidija Valtner Attacked During New Serbian President’s Inauguration
11 April 2018
Impunity in the Case of the Murder of Dada Vujasinovic
6 April 2018
Azerbaijani Director of Internet Television Re-arrested
5 April 2018
Montenegrin Journalist Targeted in Car Bombing
4 April 2018
Slovak Journalist Gets a Suspended Sentence for Defamation
3 April 2018
2 France 5 Journalists Denied Access to President Macron During his Visit to Lille
3 April 2018
Journalist Caroline Christinaz from “Le Temps” of Geneva Questioned by the Police While on a Reporting Assignment in France
28 March 2018
Slovenian Media under Police Pressure to Reveal Journalistic Sources
28 March 2018
Two Ukrainian Journalists Sentenced to 9 Years’ Imprisonment for Assisting Separatism
23 March 2018
Greek Sport Journalist Aris Asvestas Assaulted for Second Time
23 March 2018
Turkey: Arrest of At Least 12 Employees of Cumhuriyet Newspaper
21 March 2018
Strana Editor-in-Chief Flees, Seeks Asylum in Austria after Receiving Death Threats
19 March 2018
Journalists Arrested in Major Clampdown following Failed Coup in Turkey
16 March 2018
Slovak Investigative Journalist Killed at Home
12 March 2018
Turkey: Arrest of At Least 12 Employees of Cumhuriyet Newspaper
9 March 2018
Journalists Arrested in Major Clampdown following Failed Coup in Turkey
2 March 2018
Slovak Investigative Journalist Killed at Home
1 March 2018
Slovak Investigative Journalist Killed at Home
27 February 2018
Slovak Investigative Journalist Killed at Home
26 February 2018
Slovak Investigative Journalist Killed at Home
26 February 2018
Slovak Investigative Journalist Killed at Home
26 February 2018
Slovak Investigative Journalist Killed at Home
23 February 2018
Increased Verbal Abuse Against Independent Serbian Media.
23 February 2018
Journalist Philippe Bertinchamps Threatened with Expulsion in Serbia
23 February 2018
Intimidation Campaign against NUNS (Independent Journalists Association of Serbia)
23 February 2018
Serbian Weekly ‘Vranjske Novine’ Closed Following Administrative Harassment
23 February 2018
Journalists from Magločistač News Portal Receive Death Threats
23 February 2018
Serbian Reporter Lidija Valtner Attacked During New Serbian President’s Inauguration
23 February 2018
Journalist Stefan Cvetkovic Sentenced to Jail for Unauthorised Publication
23 February 2018
Radio Journalist and Presenter Found Dead in Home
23 February 2018
Serbian Journalist Stevan Dojčinović Target of a Smear Campaign
23 February 2018
Investigative Journalists Receive Several Death Threats, Broadcaster Claims
23 February 2018
Closure of the Serbian National Press Agency Tanjug
23 February 2018
Impunity in the Case of the Murder of Dada Vujasinovic
23 February 2018
Serbian Journalist Predrag Blagojević Assaulted by Police at a Music Festival over Identification
23 February 2018
Serbian Investigative Journalist Ivan Ninić Suffers Brutal Attack
16 February 2018
"Die Welt" Correspondent in Turkey Deniz Yücel Detained
16 February 2018
Ahmet Altan and Mehmet Altan Detained for Words Used on TV
16 February 2018
Journalists Arrested in Major Clampdown following Failed Coup in Turkey
12 February 2018
Injunction Prohibiting Media from Reporting on the Financial Dealings of Iceland Prime Minister Bjarni Benediktsson
12 February 2018
France 2 TV channel sued in a Commercial Court by the Bolloré Group
12 February 2018
Journalist Attacked in Paris by Members or Supporters of the Jewish Defense League
12 February 2018
Around Ten Journalists from France Télévisions Assaulted by Residents
9 February 2018
Journalists Victims of Police Violence During Demonstrations
9 February 2018
Programme Cancellation and Dismissal Threats Within the French Channel Canal+
8 February 2018
French Journalists and Magistrates Subject to Death Threats
8 February 2018
French Satellite Provider under Pressure to Remove Kurdish Med Nûçe TV
7 February 2018
Intimidation Campaign against NUNS (Independent Journalists Association of Serbia)
7 February 2018
Front National Refuses to Grant Accreditations to Mediapart and Quotidien on the Occasion of the Party’s "Presidential Congress”
7 February 2018
The State of Emergency Permits a Ban on Journalists Covering Public Events
6 February 2018
Poland: New Bill Could Ban Journalists from Historical Debate
5 February 2018
Poland Opens Investigation over Article Critical of Constitutional Tribunal President
2 February 2018
Poland: New Bill Could Ban Journalists from Historical Debate
29 January 2018
Russia: Proposals to Extend 'Foreign Agents' Law to Media Outlets
27 January 2018
Novaya Gazeta Correspondent to be Deported
25 January 2018
Investigative Journalist Daphne Caruana Galizia Killed by Car Bomb
25 January 2018
Investigative Journalist Daphne Caruana Galizia Killed by Car Bomb
24 January 2018
Journalists’ Union ESIEMTH and Two Municipal Media Attacked in Thessaloniki
19 January 2018
Turkey: Arrest of At Least 12 Employees of Cumhuriyet Newspaper
19 January 2018
Ahmet Altan and Mehmet Altan Detained for Words Used on TV
19 January 2018
Journalists Arrested in Major Clampdown following Failed Coup in Turkey
15 January 2018
Exiled Journalist Abducted, Detained and Faces Charges in Azerbaijan
5 January 2018
Expulsion of Two Russian Journalists from Latvia
31 December 2017
Journalist Shot in Southern Russia
18 December 2017
Government Plan to Strongly Reduce Funding for Public Service Broadcasting
18 December 2017
Polish Journalist Receives Death Threats After Public Polish TV Classifies Her Remarks As “Harmful to Poland”
18 December 2017
Azerbaijani Director of Internet Television Re-arrested
14 December 2017
Poland: TVN24 Channel Fined on Incitement Charges
14 December 2017
Journalists Targeted by Protesters in northern Cyprus
29 November 2017
The Guardia Civil Raids Several Catalan Newsrooms
27 November 2017
Croatian Journalist Maja Sever Received Death Threat Via Facebook over Her Report on Nigerian Refugees
20 November 2017
Russia: Proposals to Extend 'Foreign Agents' Law to Media Outlets
20 November 2017
Russia: Proposals to Extend 'Foreign Agents' Law to Media Outlets
17 November 2017
Malta Economy Minister Issues four Libel Suits and Warrants Against Blogger Daphne Caruana Galizia
14 November 2017
Armenian TV Station Editor Assaulted While Reporting on Road Building Project
13 November 2017
Draft Law Threatens Independence of AGERPRES News Agency
2 November 2017
Two Spanish Journalists Deported from Ukraine
31 October 2017
Physical Attack Against Journalist Drago Miljuš
24 October 2017
Ekho Moskvy Journalist Stabbed, Hospitalised in Moscow
23 October 2017
Ekho Moskvy Journalist Stabbed, Hospitalised in Moscow
19 October 2017
Injunction Prohibiting Media from Reporting on the Financial Dealings of Iceland Prime Minister Bjarni Benediktsson
19 October 2017
Judicial Harassment Against Opposition Journalists in Turkey
19 October 2017
"Die Welt" Correspondent in Turkey Deniz Yücel Detained
19 October 2017
Turkey: Arrest of At Least 12 Employees of Cumhuriyet Newspaper
19 October 2017
Ahmet Altan and Mehmet Altan Detained for Words Used on TV
19 October 2017
Journalists Arrested in Major Clampdown following Failed Coup in Turkey
18 October 2017
Investigative Journalist Daphne Caruana Galizia Killed by Car Bomb
17 October 2017
Investigative Journalist Daphne Caruana Galizia Killed by Car Bomb
17 October 2017
Investigative Journalist Daphne Caruana Galizia Killed by Car Bomb
17 October 2017
Investigative Journalist Daphne Caruana Galizia Killed by Car Bomb
17 October 2017
Investigative Journalist Daphne Caruana Galizia Killed by Car Bomb
12 October 2017
License for UK Community Radio Station Revoked
11 October 2017
Far-right Militants Threatened Novosti Newspaper During Protest
5 October 2017
Turkish-Swedish Journalist Detained at Airport Following Request by Turkey
5 October 2017
Germany: Draft Bill on Social Networks Raises Serious Free Expression Concerns
3 October 2017
Vesti’s Media Office in Kyiv Raided by National Police and Military Prosecutors
1 October 2017
Six Journalists Detained Without Explanation
1 October 2017
News Portals Shutdown by the State Regulator
26 September 2017
Ukraine Blocks Russian Social Networks and Expands Economic Sanctions Against Russian Companies
26 September 2017
Germany: Draft Bill on Social Networks Raises Serious Free Expression Concerns
26 September 2017
Opposition and Independent News Websites Blocked
26 September 2017
Video Hosting Site DailyMotion Permanently Blocked in Russia
26 September 2017
Azadliq Newspaper Stops Publishing in Azerbaijan After Arrest of Financial Director
26 September 2017
Turkey: Arrest of At Least 12 Employees of Cumhuriyet Newspaper
26 September 2017
A Court Orders the Blocking and Closure of Information Websites and Users’ Profiles on Twitter
26 September 2017
Publication Ban Imposed on News Related to a Money Laundering Investigation in Italy Involving Erdoğan's Son
26 September 2017
New Anti-terrorism Law Allows Blocking of Online Media
26 September 2017
Crimea’s Prosecution Opens Criminal Probe against Journalist Mykola Semena
26 September 2017
Two Turkish Journalists, Cevheri Güven and Murat Çapan, Charged with "Inciting Armed Rebellion"
26 September 2017
A Reference Information Website Arbitrarily Blocked in Russia
26 September 2017
Administrative Blocking of Websites "Inciting Terrorism"
26 September 2017
Turkey Blocks Kurdish News Websites
22 September 2017
Crimea’s Prosecution Opens Criminal Probe against Journalist Mykola Semena
21 September 2017
Political Appointments to Head Spanish and Catalan Public TV Channels
20 September 2017
Government Plan to Strongly Reduce Funding for Public Service Broadcasting
13 September 2017
Journalist Vladimir Otasevic Faced Insults and Death Threats
13 September 2017
Criminal Case Opened against Turan Independent News Agency in Azerbaijan
12 September 2017
Turkey: Arrest of At Least 12 Employees of Cumhuriyet Newspaper
11 September 2017
Criminal Case Opened against Turan Independent News Agency in Azerbaijan
11 September 2017
Criminal Case Opened against Turan Independent News Agency in Azerbaijan
11 September 2017
Criminal Case Opened against Turan Independent News Agency in Azerbaijan
11 September 2017
Israeli-Russian Blogger Aleksandr Lapshin to Be Tried in Azerbaijan
6 September 2017
Journalists Stripped of Press Accreditation and Victims of Police Violence During the G20 in Hamburg
31 August 2017
Estonian Authorities Turn Down Three Requests for Accreditation from Rossiya Segodnya to Cover EU meeting
31 August 2017
Estonian Authorities Turn Down Three Requests for Accreditation from Rossiya Segodnya to Cover EU meeting
31 August 2017
Russian Journalists Deported from Ukraine
31 August 2017
Criminal Case Opened against Turan Independent News Agency in Azerbaijan
31 August 2017
Two Reporters Injured During Storming of Parliament
31 August 2017
Journalists from Macedonian A1 TV Attacked While Covering Demonstration
31 August 2017
Three Journalists from Kosovo Arrested in Skopje
31 August 2017
Five Journalists Beaten by Police in Skopje During Protests
31 August 2017
28 Media Workers Detained and Fined for Illegal Border Crossing
31 August 2017
Macedonian Journalist Faces Death Threat
31 August 2017
Macedonian Journalist Sashe Ivanovski Physically Assaulted by Deputy Prime Minister
29 August 2017
Germany: Draft Bill on Social Networks Raises Serious Free Expression Concerns
28 August 2017
Bulgarian Financial Supervision Commission Tries to Silence Newspapers Working on Banking Disclosures
25 August 2017
Journalist Kim Wall Killed on a Civilian Submarine
25 August 2017
Criminal Case Opened against Turan Independent News Agency in Azerbaijan
25 August 2017
Criminal Case Opened against Turan Independent News Agency in Azerbaijan
11 August 2017
Ukraine Bans 38 European Journalists and Bloggers over “National Interest, Sovereignty and Territorial Integrity"
8 August 2017
Novaya Gazeta Correspondent to be Deported
8 August 2017
Novaya Gazeta Correspondent to be Deported
7 August 2017
French Journalist Detained at Iraq Border, Arrested on Terror Charges
3 August 2017
Polish Defence Minister Seeks Criminal Charges against Journalist for 'Coercion', 'Insult' over Exposé of Associates' Contacts
3 August 2017
Polish Defence Minister Seeks Criminal Charges against Journalist for 'Coercion', 'Insult' over Exposé of Associates' Contacts
3 August 2017
France Legalises Mass Surveillance of its Citizens
31 July 2017
Turkey: Arrest of At Least 12 Employees of Cumhuriyet Newspaper
28 July 2017
Ukrainian Journalist Missing in Donbass
25 July 2017
Turkey: Arrest of At Least 12 Employees of Cumhuriyet Newspaper
25 July 2017
Imprisonment of Two Senior Editors of the Turkish Daily Cumhuriyet, Can Dündar and Erdem Gül
21 July 2017
Failure to Punish the Perpetrators of Attack on Journalists in Berdyansk
20 July 2017
Journalist Pavel Sheremet Killed in Car Explosion
17 July 2017
Exiled Journalist Abducted, Detained and Faces Charges in Azerbaijan
17 July 2017
Ukraine Blocks Russian Social Networks and Expands Economic Sanctions Against Russian Companies
13 July 2017
Ongoing Impunity in the Case of Killed Journalists Andrea Rocchelli, Andrei Mironov and Wounded Photographer William Roguelon
5 July 2017
Russian Journalist Ashot Dzhazoyan Banned from Entering Ukraine for Three Years
27 June 2017
Italian Journalist Risks Being Jailed for Thirty Months for Libel
27 June 2017
Pressure by a Political Party to Replace a Member of the Public Broadcaster's Supervisory Board
20 June 2017
Exiled Journalist Abducted, Detained and Faces Charges in Azerbaijan
16 June 2017
Threat of Closure of the Public Broadcast Media Service
6 June 2017
Exiled Journalist Abducted, Detained and Faces Charges in Azerbaijan
2 June 2017
Exiled Journalist Abducted, Detained and Faces Charges in Azerbaijan
29 May 2017
Armenian Journalist Attacked While Covering Parliamentary Elections
12 May 2017
Pressure by Prime Minister on Public Broadcaster over Coverage
2 May 2017
Draft Law Threatens Independence of AGERPRES News Agency
2 May 2017
Threat of Closure of the Public Broadcast Media Service
2 May 2017
Pressure by Prime Minister on Public Broadcaster over Coverage
2 May 2017
Romania to Eliminate Public Broadcast Fee
2 May 2017
Polish Law on Public Service Broadcasting Removes Guarantees of Independence
18 April 2017
Threat of Closure of the Public Broadcast Media Service
7 April 2017
Two Journalists Harassed by Far-Right Wing Protesters
20 March 2017
Pressure by a Political Party to Replace a Member of the Public Broadcaster's Supervisory Board
15 March 2017
Polish Law on Public Service Broadcasting Removes Guarantees of Independence
14 March 2017
Albanian Journalist Elvi Fundo Attacked in Tirana
14 March 2017
Journalists Arrested in Major Clampdown following Failed Coup in Turkey
10 March 2017
Albanian Journalist Elvi Fundo Attacked in Tirana
7 March 2017
Mehman Huseynov Sentenced to Two Years on Defamation Charges
6 March 2017
Georgian TV Channel Rustavi 2 Faces Crippling Court Measures in Civil Case
3 March 2017
Mehman Huseynov Sentenced to Two Years on Defamation Charges
3 March 2017
Georgian TV Channel Rustavi 2 Faces Crippling Court Measures in Civil Case
2 March 2017
"Die Welt" Correspondent in Turkey Deniz Yücel Detained
28 February 2017
New Albanian Anti-Corruption Law Threatens Media Freedom
22 February 2017
Crimea’s Prosecution Opens Criminal Probe against Journalist Mykola Semena
17 February 2017
The National Radio and TV Council of Ukraine Bans Broadcast of Russian TV Channel Dozhd
17 February 2017
Journalists Beaten by Security Guards and Local Police in Kharkiv
17 February 2017
Ukrainian Local Newspaper Raided, Office Sealed by the Representatives of the Local Authorities in Kivertsy
17 February 2017
Personal Details of Thousands of Journalists Posted on Ukrainian Website over Accreditation with Rebels
16 February 2017
Malta Economy Minister Issues four Libel Suits and Warrants Against Blogger Daphne Caruana Galizia
16 February 2017
Malta Economy Minister Issues four Libel Suits and Warrants Against Blogger Daphne Caruana Galizia
16 February 2017
Continuing Impunity in the Killing of the Ukrainian Investigative Journalist Georgiy Gongadze
16 February 2017
Harassment of Journalists Natalya Kokorina and Anna Andrievska in Crimea, Ukraine by Russian Officials
16 February 2017
Pro-Russia Journalist, Oles Buzyna, Gunned Down in Kyiv, Ukraine
15 February 2017
Turkish Emergency Decree Shuts Down 9 Media Outlets
15 February 2017
Turkish Government Shuts Down 15 Pro-Kurdish Media Outlets
15 February 2017
Turkey: Arrest of At Least 12 Employees of Cumhuriyet Newspaper
15 February 2017
At least Twenty TV and Radio Channels Removed from Türksat, the National Satellite Operator
15 February 2017
Turkey: Two Journalists Detained under State of Emergency Provisions
15 February 2017
Police Raided Azadiya Welat Newspaper, at least 23 Staff Members Detained
15 February 2017
Özgür Gündem Daily Shut Down and Journalists’ Homes Raided in Turkey
15 February 2017
Journalists Arrested in Major Clampdown following Failed Coup in Turkey
15 February 2017
Forced Closure of Crimean Tatar-Language Media Outlets
15 February 2017
Senior Journalist Oleksandr Kuchynsk Killed in Donetsk, Ukraine
14 February 2017
Arson Attack on Ukrainian Broadcaster Inter TV
14 February 2017
Journalist Pavel Sheremet Killed in Car Explosion
14 February 2017
Ukrainian Journalist Maria Varfolomeyeva Held for over a Year in Eastern Ukraine
14 February 2017
Ukrainian journalist Ruslan Kotsaba Held for Nearly a Year over Allegations of ‘Treason and Obstructing the Military’
19 January 2017
Masterminds Still not Condemned, Ten Years After the Assassination of Journalist Hrant Dink
13 January 2017
The National Radio and TV Council of Ukraine Bans Broadcast of Russian TV Channel Dozhd
13 January 2017
Poland - Journalists' Access to Parliament Restricted
11 January 2017
Mehman Huseynov Sentenced to Two Years on Defamation Charges
9 January 2017
Russian Editor Threatened by Government Official in Instagram Post
9 January 2017
Russian Editor Threatened by Government Official in Instagram Post
9 January 2017
Freelance Journalist and Fixer Jovo Martinovic Tried for “Being a Member of a Criminal Organization”
20 December 2016
Spanish Journalist based in the Netherlands Victim of Online Death Threats
15 December 2016
Romania to Eliminate Public Broadcast Fee
9 December 2016
Cyprus: Police Reporter's Car Set on Fire
9 December 2016
Slovakia’s Prime Minister uses Offensive Language towards Journalists at a Press Conference
9 December 2016
Armenian Journalists Injured in Police Violence against Media Journalists covering Street Demonstrations
7 December 2016
Freelance Journalist and Fixer Jovo Martinovic Tried for “Being a Member of a Criminal Organization”
6 December 2016
Judge Attempts to Censor "Footballleaks" Inquiry
2 December 2016
Car of Croatian Journalists' Association President Appears to Have Been Deliberately Sabotaged
21 November 2016
Serbian Journalist Stevan Dojčinović Target of a Smear Campaign
21 November 2016
Investigative Journalists Receive Several Death Threats, Broadcaster Claims
18 November 2016
UK Draft Bill on Surveillance Threatens Protection of Journalists' Sources
15 November 2016
Continuing Impunity in the Killing of the Ukrainian Investigative Journalist Georgiy Gongadze
31 October 2016
Turkish Government Shuts Down 15 Pro-Kurdish Media Outlets
31 October 2016
Turkey: Arrest of At Least 12 Employees of Cumhuriyet Newspaper
26 October 2016
Russian Journalist Expelled from Latvia
26 October 2016
Largest Opposition Daily Suspended in Hungary
7 October 2016
Masterminds still not Brought to Justice, Ten Years after the Murder of Novaya Gazeta Journalist Anna Politkovskaya
22 September 2016
Sport Journalist Kyriakos Thomaidis Faces Arrest after Police Raid on Skai TV's Building
16 September 2016
Swiss Intelligence Act threatens Secrecy of Journalistic Sources
7 September 2016
Arson Attack on Ukrainian Broadcaster Inter TV
7 September 2016
Arson Attack on Ukrainian Broadcaster Inter TV
7 September 2016
Arson Attack on Ukrainian Broadcaster Inter TV
17 August 2016
Journalist Lukasz Masiak Beaten to Death
10 August 2016
New Proposed Law Set to Increase the Power to Surveil Foreign Journalists
5 August 2016
Journalist Pavel Sheremet Killed in Car Explosion
5 August 2016
New Anti-terrorism Law Allows Blocking of Online Media
5 August 2016
Threats to the Independence of the Romanian Public Broadcaster (TVR)
27 July 2016
French Journalist at the Origin of LuxLeaks Revelations Charged in Luxembourg
21 July 2016
Journalist Pavel Sheremet Killed in Car Explosion
21 July 2016
Journalist Pavel Sheremet Killed in Car Explosion
21 July 2016
Journalist Mustafa Cambaz Killed in Failed Coup Attempt
20 July 2016
News Portals Shutdown by the State Regulator
20 July 2016
Journalist Mustafa Cambaz Killed in Failed Coup Attempt
13 July 2016
Journalist Sergei Ilchenko Jailed on Extremism Charges in Moldova’s Transdniester Region
12 July 2016
New Proposed Law Set to Increase the Power to Surveil Foreign Journalists
29 June 2016
Former Prime Minister Publicly Insults Two Journalists
28 June 2016
Polish Journalists Targeted in Police Wiretapping, Audit Reveals
21 June 2016
Draft Bill to Tighten Criminal Penalties for Defamation
21 June 2016
Italian Journalist Lirio Abbate Faces Hate Speech in Courtroom
21 June 2016
Headquarters of TV station Piazza Pulita Raided by Police
21 June 2016
Draft Italian Law Imposes Sanctions on Journalists who Published Wiretapping Materials
21 June 2016
Italian Journalists and Media Staff Face Death Threats Following Mafia Boss’ Funeral
20 June 2016
Radio Journalist and Presenter Found Dead in Home
20 June 2016
Criminal Investigation Opened Against Journalists for Solidarity Campaign
20 June 2016
Criminal Investigation Opened Against Journalists for Solidarity Campaign
17 June 2016
Radio Journalist and Presenter Found Dead in Home
15 June 2016
Law on News Aggregators Undermines Media Freedom Online
15 June 2016
Polish Law on Public Service Broadcasting Removes Guarantees of Independence
15 June 2016
Polish Law on Public Service Broadcasting Removes Guarantees of Independence
10 June 2016
Poland Legalises Mass Surveillance of its Citizens
9 June 2016
'Golden Dawn' Members Violently Attacked Petros Anastassiades
7 June 2016
Polish Law on Public Service Broadcasting Removes Guarantees of Independence
27 May 2016
Draft Bill to Tighten Criminal Penalties for Defamation
26 May 2016
Trumped-up Charges to Silence an Investigative Journalist in Azerbaijan
25 May 2016
Trumped-up Charges to Silence an Investigative Journalist in Azerbaijan
18 May 2016
Sports Journalist Assaulted by President of Football Club
18 May 2016
Sports Journalist Assaulted by President of Football Club
17 May 2016
UK Draft Bill on Surveillance Threatens Protection of Journalists' Sources
13 May 2016
Personal Details of Thousands of Journalists Posted on Ukrainian Website over Accreditation with Rebels
13 May 2016
Attacks on the Independence of Croatian Public Broadcaster and Broadcast Regulator
13 May 2016
Attacks on the Independence of Croatian Public Broadcaster and Broadcast Regulator
13 May 2016
Threats to the Independence of the Romanian Public Broadcaster (TVR)
13 May 2016
Imprisonment of Two Senior Editors of the Turkish Daily Cumhuriyet, Can Dündar and Erdem Gül
13 May 2016
Brutal Physical Attack on Freelancer Željko Peratović
12 May 2016
Personal Details of Thousands of Journalists Posted on Ukrainian Website over Accreditation with Rebels
12 May 2016
Murder of Azerbaijani Journalist Rasim Aliyev
11 May 2016
Chief Editor Anne Brumagne Dismissed for Criticizing a Restructuring Plan that Puts Business above Journalism
2 May 2016
Two-year Prison Sentences for Cumhuriyet Journalists Ceyda Karan and Hikmet Çetinkaya
2 May 2016
Journalists Detained and Barred from Entering Idomeni to Report on Treatment of Refugees
29 April 2016
Journalists Working for RTL Info and France 3 Attacked in Molenbeek
29 April 2016
Palestinian Journalist Salama Attaallah Assaulted While Covering Muslim Fair in Brussels
29 April 2016
Journalists Arrested and Forced to Delete Material During Anti-TTIP Event
29 April 2016
Chief Editor Anne Brumagne Dismissed for Criticizing a Restructuring Plan that Puts Business above Journalism
18 April 2016
Attacks on the Independence of Croatian Public Broadcaster and Broadcast Regulator
4 April 2016
Several Vehicles Belonging to POP TV Vandalised in Ljubljana
18 March 2016
Journalists Levan Sutidze, Irakli Kiknavelidze and Nino Macharashvili Attacked in Tbilisi
17 March 2016
Cumhuriyet Journalist Canan Coşkun Faces 23 Years in Prison for Alleged Insult
17 March 2016
Turkish Cartoonists Bahadır Baruter and Özer Aydoğan Found Guilty of Insulting President Erdoğan
15 March 2016
TV Journalist Eni Shehu Attacked by the Director of the National Theatre
15 March 2016
Newspaper Editor Prosecuted for Insulting the President over Reports about a Judicial Corruption Probe
10 March 2016
Attacks on the Independence of Croatian Public Broadcaster and Broadcast Regulator
10 March 2016
Journalists and Human Rights Activists Attacked in Ingushetia
10 March 2016
Journalists and Human Rights Activists Attacked in Ingushetia
10 March 2016
Journalists and Human Rights Activists Attacked in Ingushetia
10 March 2016
Imprisonment of Two Senior Editors of the Turkish Daily Cumhuriyet, Can Dündar and Erdem Gül
9 March 2016
Zaman Media Group Seized by Authorities
5 March 2016
Zaman Media Group Seized by Authorities
5 March 2016
Zaman Media Group Seized by Authorities
4 March 2016
Zaman Media Group Seized by Authorities
4 March 2016
Zaman Media Group Seized by Authorities
4 March 2016
Gojko Raičević Regularly Targeted by Authorities in Montenegro
3 March 2016
Imprisonment of Two Senior Editors of the Turkish Daily Cumhuriyet, Can Dündar and Erdem Gül
26 February 2016
Poland Legalises Mass Surveillance of its Citizens
26 February 2016
Imprisonment of Two Senior Editors of the Turkish Daily Cumhuriyet, Can Dündar and Erdem Gül
25 February 2016
Belgian Journalist Assaulted Live on Air at the Cologne Carnival
16 February 2016
Poland Legalises Mass Surveillance of its Citizens
16 February 2016
Polish Law on Public Service Broadcasting Removes Guarantees of Independence
11 February 2016
Molotov Cocktails and Gun Attacks on Yeni Şafak and Yeni Akit Newspapers
11 February 2016
Poland Legalises Mass Surveillance of its Citizens
26 January 2016
Journalist Stoyan Tonchev Brutally Attacked
25 January 2016
Polish Law on Public Service Broadcasting Removes Guarantees of Independence
21 January 2016
Trumped-up Charges to Silence an Investigative Journalist in Azerbaijan
14 January 2016
Polish Law on Public Service Broadcasting Removes Guarantees of Independence
14 January 2016
Imprisonment of Two Senior Editors of the Turkish Daily Cumhuriyet, Can Dündar and Erdem Gül
12 January 2016
Cumhuriyet Journalist Canan Coşkun Faces 23 Years in Prison for Alleged Insult
11 January 2016
Journalist Beyza Kural Briefly Detained and Threatened with Violence by Police While Covering Protest
8 January 2016
ABC News Cameraman Attacked and Detained for Three Hours by Police
6 January 2016
Polish Law on Public Service Broadcasting Removes Guarantees of Independence
5 January 2016
Polish Law on Public Service Broadcasting Removes Guarantees of Independence
5 January 2016
Polish Law on Public Service Broadcasting Removes Guarantees of Independence
15 December 2015
Imprisonment of Two Senior Editors of the Turkish Daily Cumhuriyet, Can Dündar and Erdem Gül
15 December 2015
UK Draft Bill on Surveillance Threatens Protection of Journalists' Sources
15 December 2015
Slovenian Investigative Journalist Anuška Delić Charged over “Intelligence Material”
7 December 2015
Imprisonment of Two Senior Editors of the Turkish Daily Cumhuriyet, Can Dündar and Erdem Gül
3 December 2015
Imprisonment of Two Senior Editors of the Turkish Daily Cumhuriyet, Can Dündar and Erdem Gül
1 December 2015
Kurdish Daily Attacked, Doors Broken and 32 Journalists Interrogated
30 November 2015
Imprisonment of Two Senior Editors of the Turkish Daily Cumhuriyet, Can Dündar and Erdem Gül
30 November 2015
Two Turkish Journalists, Cevheri Güven and Murat Çapan, Charged with "Inciting Armed Rebellion"
27 November 2015
Imprisonment of Two Senior Editors of the Turkish Daily Cumhuriyet, Can Dündar and Erdem Gül
27 November 2015
Imprisonment of Two Senior Editors of the Turkish Daily Cumhuriyet, Can Dündar and Erdem Gül
27 November 2015
Imprisonment of Two Senior Editors of the Turkish Daily Cumhuriyet, Can Dündar and Erdem Gül
25 November 2015
Turkey: Seizure of Media Holding, with Police Raids and Temporary Closure of Two Major Television Channels, Days Prior to Elections
24 November 2015
Serbian Journalist Predrag Blagojević Assaulted by Police at a Music Festival over Identification
17 November 2015
Detention of the Vice News Fixer Mohammed Ismael Rasool
17 November 2015
Hürriyet Journalist Ahmet Hakan Threatened and Attacked
16 November 2015
Police Used Teargas Against a Group of About 30 Journalists
12 November 2015
Three Media Staff Assaulted at Pegida Rally
12 November 2015
Journalist Attacked in Paris by Members or Supporters of the Jewish Defense League
12 November 2015
Serbian Investigative Journalist Ivan Ninić Suffers Brutal Attack
10 November 2015
UK Draft Bill on Surveillance Threatens Protection of Journalists' Sources
30 October 2015
Turkey: Seizure of Media Holding, with Police Raids and Temporary Closure of Two Major Television Channels, Days Prior to Elections
30 October 2015
Turkey: Seizure of Media Holding, with Police Raids and Temporary Closure of Two Major Television Channels, Days Prior to Elections
30 October 2015
Turkey: Seizure of Media Holding, with Police Raids and Temporary Closure of Two Major Television Channels, Days Prior to Elections
23 October 2015
Spanish Public Security Law Threatens Freedom of Press
22 October 2015
Journalist Seyithan Akyüz Sentenced to more than 22 Years
22 October 2015
Art and Literature Journalist Erdal Süsem Serving Life Sentence in Turkey
22 October 2015
Left-Wing Female Journalist Hatice Duman Serving Life-Time Imprisonment in Turkey
22 October 2015
Journalist Kenan Karavil Sentenced to more than 19 Years
22 October 2015
Alawite Journalist Miktat Algül Sentenced to 61 Years in Turkey
22 October 2015
Journalist Mustafa Gök Serving Life Sentence in Turkey
22 October 2015
Journalist Ali Konar Sentenced to over 7 Years in Jail
22 October 2015
Investigative Journalist Mehmet Baransu Arrested
22 October 2015
Journalist Hidayet Karaca Arrested
22 October 2015
Journalist Erol Zavar, Suffering from a Cancer, is Serving Life Sentence in Turkey
22 October 2015
Dutch Journalist Frederike Geerdink Deported by Turkey
22 October 2015
Turkish Cartoonists Bahadır Baruter and Özer Aydoğan Found Guilty of Insulting President Erdoğan
22 October 2015
Police Violence Against a Journalist Covering Protests in Turkey
22 October 2015
Newspaper Editor Prosecuted for Insulting the President over Reports about a Judicial Corruption Probe
22 October 2015
Dutch Journalist Charged with ‘Terrorism’ in Turkey
14 October 2015
'Today's Zaman' Journalist Bülent Keneş Arrested
1 October 2015
Hürriyet Journalist Ahmet Hakan Threatened and Attacked
1 October 2015
Hürriyet Journalist Ahmet Hakan Threatened and Attacked
1 October 2015
Hürriyet Journalist Ahmet Hakan Threatened and Attacked
24 September 2015
Georgian TV Channel Rustavi 2 Faces Crippling Court Measures in Civil Case
17 September 2015
Ukraine Bans 38 European Journalists and Bloggers over “National Interest, Sovereignty and Territorial Integrity"
17 September 2015
Ukraine Bans 38 European Journalists and Bloggers over “National Interest, Sovereignty and Territorial Integrity"
15 September 2015
Turkish Special Operations Team Attacks Journalists Covering the Transfer of Injured Police Officer to a Hospital
9 September 2015
Serbian Investigative Journalist Ivan Ninić Suffers Brutal Attack
8 September 2015
Journalist Fired over Tweets Critical of Erdoğan
1 September 2015
Trumped-up Charges to Silence an Investigative Journalist in Azerbaijan
1 September 2015
Trumped-up Charges to Silence an Investigative Journalist in Azerbaijan
1 September 2015
Trumped-up Charges to Silence an Investigative Journalist in Azerbaijan
28 August 2015
Murder of Azerbaijani Journalist Rasim Aliyev
28 August 2015
Attacks and Intimidation on Journalists Covering Workers’ Strikes in Turkey
28 August 2015
Meydan TV Director Emin Milli Threatened for Critical Reporting on European Games
27 August 2015
DIHA Journalist Cüneyt Yavuz Injured in Tear Gas Canister Attack During Clashes Between Police and Protesters
27 August 2015
Turkey’s Chief Prosecutor Seeks 7.5 Year Jail Term Against 18 Journalists over Siege Picture
25 August 2015
Serbian Journalist Predrag Blagojević Assaulted by Police at a Music Festival over Identification
21 August 2015
Trumped-up Charges to Silence an Investigative Journalist in Azerbaijan
11 August 2015
Journalists Beaten and Arrested while Covering Protest Demonstration
11 August 2015
Murder of Azerbaijani Journalist Rasim Aliyev
10 August 2015
Murder of Azerbaijani Journalist Rasim Aliyev
4 August 2015
Two Journalists Targeted by a Judicial Inquiry for Treason
3 August 2015
Journalist Sergei Ilchenko Jailed on Extremism Charges in Moldova’s Transdniester Region
30 June 2015
Electoral Coverage under Political Control in Spain
24 June 2015
French Journalist at the Origin of LuxLeaks Revelations Charged in Luxembourg
23 June 2015
Journalists Beaten and Arrested while Covering Protest Demonstration
23 June 2015
Journalists Beaten and Arrested while Covering Protest Demonstration
1 June 2015
Journalist Seymour Hazi Sentenced on Hooliganism Charges
1 June 2015
Trumped-up Charges to Silence an Investigative Journalist in Azerbaijan
1 June 2015
Journalist Nijat Aliyev Sentenced to 10 Years in Jail in Baku
1 June 2015
Senior Journalist Araz Guliyev Sentenced to Eight Years in Prison in Azerbaijan
1 June 2015
Trumped-up Charges and Trial Without Due Process to Silence an Azerbaijani Journalist
1 June 2015
Independent Senior Journalist Parviz Hashimli Jailed in Azerbaijan
1 June 2015
Media Freedom Activist Emin Huseynov Charged with Tax Evasion and Abuse of Power
21 May 2015
Slovenian Investigative Journalist Anuška Delić Charged over “Intelligence Material”
20 May 2015
France Legalises Mass Surveillance of its Citizens
15 May 2015
Two Danish Journalists Prosecuted for Exposing a Public Health Hazard
15 May 2015
Spanish Public Security Law Threatens Freedom of Press
12 May 2015
Administrative Blocking of Websites "Inciting Terrorism"
6 May 2015
France Legalises Mass Surveillance of its Citizens
28 April 2015
French Journalist at the Origin of LuxLeaks Revelations Charged in Luxembourg
16 April 2015
Pro-Russia Journalist, Oles Buzyna, Gunned Down in Kyiv, Ukraine
13 April 2015
Slovenian Investigative Journalist Anuška Delić Charged over “Intelligence Material”
13 April 2015
France Legalises Mass Surveillance of its Citizens
2 April 2015
Forced Closure of Crimean Tatar-Language Media Outlets
2 April 2015
Forced Closure of Crimean Tatar-Language Media Outlets
22 January 2015
Investigative Journalist Sergei Reznik Handed a 3-Year Jail Term for ‘Insults’ Charges in Russia
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