Strasbourg, 12 June 2002
[pc-cp\space\documents\pc-cp (2002) 1rev – e] PC-CP (2002) 1 rev.

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE ON CRIME PROBLEMS
(CDPC)

Council for Penological Co-operation
(PC-CP)

SPACE I (Annual Penal Statistics of the Council Of Europe) - 2001 Enquiry

prepared by

Mr Pierre V. Tournier
Director of research at the CNRS (France)

FINAL VERSION

Annual Penal Statistics of the Council of Europe
SPACE I: 2001 enquiry on prison populations

By Pierre Victor Tournier¹

The SPACE I data published below was obtained by means of a new questionnaire devised for the 1997 survey, in its simplified version. They relate to the situation of the prison population at 1 September 2001, prison entry flows, lengths of imprisonment, and incidents in 2000 (escapes, prisoners absconding, deaths and suicides).
.

I. PRISON POPULATIONS

I.1. State of prison populations at 1 September 2001

The situation of prison populations at a given date ("stock statistics") is set out in seven tables.

Table 1 Situation of penal institutions
a. Total number of prisoners (including pre-trial detainees)
b. Prison population rate (per 100,000 inhabitants): number of prisoners (including pre-trial detainees) present at 1 September 2001 in proportion to the number of inhabitants at the same date
c. Total prison capacity
d. Rate of occupancy (per 100 places): number of prisoners (including pre-trial detainees) in relation to the number of places available

Table 2. Age structure

a. Median age of prison population (including pre-trial detainees) at the date of the statistics
b. Prisoners under 18 years of age (including pre-trial detainees): number and percentage
c. Prisoners between 18 and 21 years of age (including pre-trial detainees): number and percentage
d. Prisoners under 21 years of age (including pre-trial detainees): number and percentage

Data not collected in this enquiry (simplified version).

Table 3. Women and foreigners

a. Female prisoners (including pre-trial detainees): number and percentage
b. Foreign prisoners (including pre-trial detainees): number and percentage

Data not collected in this enquiry (simplified version).

Table 4.1 Legal structure (numbers)

a. Untried prisoners (not yet convicted)
b. Prisoners convicted but not yet sentenced
c. Sentenced prisoners who have appealed or who are within the statutory time limit for doing so
d. Sentenced prisoners (final sentence)
e. Other cases

Table 4.2 Legal structure (rates)

We have selected four indicators as a basis for comparing the situations of the various populations:

a. Percentage of prisoners not serving a final sentence at 1 September 2001 (often inaccurately referred to as the percentage of unconvicted prisoners): the number of prisoners whose sentence is not final, present at that date, expressed as a percentage of the total number of prisoners at the same date

b. Prisoners not serving a final sentence per 100,000 inhabitants at 1 September 2001: the number of prisoners whose sentence is not final, present at that date, in relation to the number of inhabitants at the same date - expressed per 100,000 inhabitants

c. Proportion of untried prisoners (not yet convicted) at 1 September 2001: the number of untried prisoners (not yet convicted), present at that date, expressed as a percentage of the total number of prisoners at the same date

d. Untried prisoners (not yet convicted) per 100,000 inhabitants: the number of untried prisoners (not yet convicted), present at that date, in relation to the number of inhabitants at the same date - expressed per 100,000 inhabitants

Only prisoners included under the heading "untried prisoners" in the questionnaire are taken into account in calculating the last two rates.

- Where the item "Sentenced prisoners who have appealed or who are within the statutory time-limit for doing so" is left blank in the questionnaire for lack of available data - without any further information being provided - it is assumed that prisoners in this situation are included among "sentenced prisoners (final sentence)". In this case, neither rate (a) - percentage of prisoners not serving a final sentence - nor rate (b) - prisoners not serving a final sentence per 100,000 inhabitants - can be calculated.

- Where the item "Prisoners convicted but not yet sentenced" is left blank in the questionnaire for lack of available data - without any further information being provided - it is assumed that prisoners in this situation are included among "untried prisoners (not yet convicted)". In this case, neither rate (c) - proportion of untried prisoners (not yet convicted), as a percentage - nor rate (d) - untried prisoners (not yet convicted) per 100,000 inhabitants - can be calculated.

Table 5. Convicted prisoners: breakdown by offence

Offences have been classified under seven headings: homicide, wounding with intent to harm, rape, robbery with violence, other categories of theft, drug-related offences, other cases.

Table 6. Convicted prisoners: breakdown by length of sentence

Table 7. Prisoners sentenced to less than one year: breakdown by length of sentence

I.2. Flow of entries, length of imprisonment, escapes and deaths in 2000

Table 8. Flow of entries

a. Total number of entries in 2000
b. Rate of entries (per 100,000 inhabitants): the number of entries for 2000 in relation to the average number of inhabitants during the period under review. In view of the information available, the figure actually used was the number of inhabitants at 1 September 2000, as supplied by the authorities.
c. Entries before final sentence: number and percentage

The term "entry" refers to all entries into penal institutions, except in the following situations:

- entry following a transfer between penal institutions;
- entry following a prisoner's removal with a view to an appearance before a judicial authority (investigating judge, trial court, etc);
- entry following prison leave or a period of permitted absence;
- entry of an escaped prisoner recaptured by the police.

The figures do not relate to the number of individuals but to the number of events (entries). The same individual may be committed to prison several times in the same year for the same case. This applies, for instance, to an individual who is placed in pre-trial detention during year n (first entry), released by the investigating judge at the pre-trial investigation stage, tried without being re-detained, convicted and sentenced to a term of imprisonment exceeding the period of pre-trial detention, and re-imprisoned during year n to serve the remainder of the sentence (second entry). A fortiori, the same individual may be committed to prison several times in the same year for different cases.

Only entries of untried prisoners (not yet convicted), prisoners convicted but not yet sentenced, or sentenced prisoners who have appealed or who are within the statutory time limit for doing so are recorded under (c). This figure therefore corresponds to part of the entries recorded under (a). These of course include entries for pre-trial detention.

Table 9. Indicator of average length of imprisonment

a. Total number of days spent in penal institutions in 2000
b. Average number of prisoners in 2000: (b) = (a)/366
c. Indicator of average length of imprisonment (D): quotient of the average number of prisoners in 2000 (P) divided by the flow of entries during that period (E): D = 12 x P/E - length expressed in months

Figure (a) corresponds to the total number of days spent in penal institutions by all persons placed in detention for at least one day during the reference year (2000). This may be time spent in pre-trial detention or time spent serving a prison sentence, or may even correspond to other circumstances (detention for failure to pay a fine, for instance). No distinction is made here.

Data of this type are usually prepared by the departments responsible for prison budgets. They are used by the authorities to calculate an average daily cost of imprisonment.

In our case, this indicator yields the best possible estimate of the average number of inmates in a given year, by dividing the number of days spent in penal institutions by 365 (or 366 for a leap year). The resulting figure is what demographers call the number of "prisoners/year" (b). We use this indicator to work out various other figures (for instance the suicide rate and the ratio of inmates to custodial staff).

Table 10. Escapes

This only corresponds to escapes by convicted prisoners or pre-trial detainees (in the custody of the prison authorities) from closed penal institutions or during administrative transfers (for example, to or from a court, another penal institution, or a hospital). In the event of a group breakout, the number of escapes is equal to the number of inmates involved.

a. Number of escapes in 2000
b. Number of prisoners/year in 2000 (see table 9)
c. Escape rate per 10,000 prisoners: 10,000 x (a)/(b)

Table 11. Other forms of escape (absconding or running off)

Examples are escapes from open institutions (such as work farms) or from semi-detention, and escapes during authorised short-term absence (or leave) from all kinds of institutions (including closed institutions).

a. Number of escapes in 2000
b. Number of prisoners/year in 2000 (see table 9)
c. Escape rate per 10,000 prisoners: 10,000 x (a)/(b)

We have not worked out the rate here, as that would amount to calculating the ratio of escapes (other forms) to the average number of prisoners, without taking account of the proportion of inmates in "open institutions".

Table 12. Deaths in penal institutions

a. Number of deaths in penal institutions in 2000
b. Number of prisoners/year in 2000 (see table 9)
c. Mortality rate per 10,000 prisoners: 10,000 x (a)/(b)

Deaths of convicted prisoners and pre-trial detainees while in hospital are included.

Table 13. Suicides in penal institutions

a. Number of suicides in 2000
b. Number of prisoners/year in 2000 (see table 9)
c. Suicide rate per 10,000 prisoners: 10,000 x a/b

Deaths of convicted prisoners and pre-trial detainees while in hospital are included.

Table 14. Deaths in penal institutions – other than suicides

a. Number of deaths in penal institutions, other than suicides, in 2000
b. Number of prisoners/year in 2000 (see table 9)
c. Non-suicide mortality rate per 10,000 prisoners: 10,000 x a/b

Deaths of convicted prisoners and pre-trial detainees while in hospital are included.

II. PRISON STAFF

Data not collected in this enquiry (simplified version).

STATISTICAL TABLES

I.1 PRISON POPULATIONS
State of prison populations on 1 September 2001

Table 1. Situation of penal institutions on 1 September 2001

Reference: Council of Europe, SPACE 2001.11

	Total number of prisoners (inc. pre-trial detainees)	Prison population rate per 100 000 inhabitants	Capacity of penal institutions	Prison density per 100 places
Albania	1 635	48.1	1 383	118
Andorra	48	72.5	80	60
Armenia	4 213	111	6 340	66
Austria	6 915	85.1	8 000	86
Azerbaijan
Belgium	8 764	85.4	6 896	127
Bulgaria	9 283	114	10 236	91
Croatia	2 623	59.9	3 475	75
Cyprus	369	48.6	240	154
Czech Republic	21 206	207	20 187	105
Denmark	3 150	58.9	3 505	90
Estonia	4 789	350	5 000	96
Finland	3 040	58.7	3 387	90
France	47 005	77.1	48 400	97
Georgia
Germany	78 707	95.8	76 725	103
Greece	8 343	79.0	5 284	158
Hungary	17 119	171	10 963	156
Iceland	110	38.8	138	80
Ireland	3 025	80.0	3 671	82
Italy	55 136	95.3	42 896	129
Latvia	8 617	364	9 591	90
Lithuania	10 750	291	9 941	108
Luxembourg	357	80.9	492	76
Malta	257	67.2	300	86
Moldova	10 679	250	11 830	90
Netherlands	15 246	95.4	15 700	97
Norway	2 666	59.2	2 903	92
Poland	80 004	207	68 198	117
Portugal	13 500	132	11 371	119
Romania	50 370	225	35 246	143
Russia	971 496	671	946 900	103
Slovakia	7 509	139	8 929	84
Slovenia	1 155	58.0	1 072	108
Spain	46 962	117	…	…
Sweden	6 089	68.5	5 808	105
Switzerland	5 160	71.6	6 815	76
“The F.Y.R.O. Macedonia”	1 413	69.9	2 463	57
Turkey	61 336	93.2	74 069	83
Ukraine	198 885	406	216 669	92
United Kingdom
England and Wales	67 056	126	71 385	94
Northern Ireland	877	51.6	1 450	60
Scotland	…	…	…	…

Notes - Table 1.

Detention rates are calculated on the basis of demographic data at 1 January 2001 (Source: “Recent demographic evolution in Europe 2001” Council of Europe Publishing, Strasbourg).

The data for England and Wales and Northern Ireland were provided by the Office for National Statistics, Population Estimates Unit (United Kingdom).

Croatia: Situation on 31 December 2000.

Germany: Situation on 30 November 2000

Italy: the data exclude the population of penal institutions for juveniles. The administration in charge of these institutions distinguishes three unspecified categories: the “IPM” (477 juveniles), the “Ministerial communities” (59 juveniles), other communities (257 juveniles). The data corresponding to these institutions are appended.

Moldova: Situation on 1 October 2001.

Netherlands: The data on the number of prisoners and prison capacity include the figures for TBS clinics (1122) and institutions caring for juvenile delinquents (1860). The following tables do not include these two categories and so relate to a total of 12,264 prisoners.

Portugal : provisional figures.

Russian Federation: Situation on 1 February 2002.

Sweden: The number of prisoners indicated reflects the number registered on 1 October 2001. The figure comprises persons who serve their sentence outside the prison in institutions for the treatment of drug-addiction, hospitalised persons and escaped prisoners.

Tableau 1.2 Situation of penal institutions on 1 September 2001 by increasing detention rates

Reference: Council of Europe, SPACE 2001.12

	Total number of prisoners (inc. pre-trial detainees)	Prison population rate per 100 000 inhabitants	Capacity of penal institutions	Prison density per 100 places
Iceland	110	38.8	138	80
Albania	1 635	48.1	1 383	118
Cyprus	369	48.6	240	154
Northern Ireland	877	51.6	1 450	60
Slovenia	1 155	58.0	1 072	108
Norway	2 666	59.2	2 903	92
Finland	3 040	58.7	3 387	90
Denmark	3 150	58.9	3 505	90
Croatia	2 623	59.9	3 475	75
Malta	257	67.2	300	86
Sweden	6 089	68.5	5 808	105
“The F.Y.R.O. Macedonia”	1 413	69.9	2 463	57
Switzerland	5 160	71.6	6 815	76
Andorra	48	72.5	80	60
France	47 005	77.1	48 400	97
Greece	8 343	79.0	5 284	158
Ireland	3 025	80.0	3 671	82
Luxembourg	357	80.9	492	76
Austria	6 915	85.1	8 000	86
Belgium	8 764	85.4	6 896	127
Turkey	61 336	93.2	74 069	83
Italy	55 136	95.3	42 896	129
Netherlands	15 246	95.4	15 700	97
Germany	78 707	95.8	76 725	103
Armenia	4 213	111	6 340	66
Bulgaria	9 283	114	10 236	91
Spain	46 962	117	…	…
England and Wales	67 056	126	71 385	94
Portugal	13 500	132	11 371	119
Slovakia	7 509	139	8 929	84
Hungary	17 119	171	10 963	156
Czech Republic	21 206	207	20 187	105
Poland	80 004	207	68 198	117
Romania	50 370	225	35 246	143
Moldova	10 679	250	11 830	90
Lithuania	10 750	291	9 941	108
Estonia	4 789	350	5 000	96
Latvia	8 617	364	9 591	90
Ukraine	198 885	406	216 669	92
Russia	971 496	671	946 900	103

Table 2. Population of penal institutions on 1 September 2001: age structure

Data not collected in this enquiry.

Table 3. Population of penal institutions on 1 September 2001: female prisoners and foreign prisoners

Data not collected in his enquiry.

Table 4.1 Population of penal institutions on 1 September 2001: legal status (numbers)

(a)Untried prisoners (i.e. no court decision yet reached)
(b) Convicted prisoners, but not yet sentenced
(c) Sentenced prisoners who have appealed or who are within the statutory limit to do so
(d) Sentenced prisoners (final sentence)
(e) Other cases

Reference: Council of Europe, SPACE 2001.41

	(a)	(b)	(c)	(d)	(e)
Albania	336		1 299		0
Andorra	34	0	0	14	0
Armenia	633		129	3 451	***
Austria	1 723	***	…	4 609	583
Azerbaijan
Belgium	2 008	***	501	5 133	1 122
Bulgaria	394	1 169	…	7 720	***
Croatia	819	…	…	1 614	190
Cyprus	50	0	0	319	0
Czech Republic	2 803	2 787	…	15 452	164
Denmark	641	174		2 291	44
Estonia	1 426	***	…	3 357	6
Finland	477	…	…	2 352	211
France	13 383	***	1 544	32 024	54
Georgia
Germany	17 805	***	…	57 137	3 852
Greece	2 282	***	…	6 061	0
Hungary	3 359	1 043	***	12 425	292
Iceland	10	***	…	100	0
Ireland	457	…	…	2 568	…
Italy	13 549	***	11 770	29 817	***
Latvia	615	1 854	572	4 957	619
Lithuania	1 766	170	328	8 486	0
Luxembourg	140	***	11	196	10
Malta	79	0	0	178	0
Moldova	494	1 590	987	7 399	0
Netherlands	5 134	…	…	5 278	1 852
Norway	634	***	…	1 980	52
Poland	428	24 813	…	54 763	0
Portugal	4 060	…	…	9 251	189
Romania	5 668	***	6 144	37 743	815
Russia	54 241	767 875	25 874	14 296	109 210
Slovakia	1 943	…	…	5 566	…
Slovenia	96	168	121	733	37
Spain	10 201	***	…	36 761	***
Sweden	1 299			4 763	27
Switzerland	2 341	***	…	2 819	…
“The F.Y.R.O. Macedonia”	48	136	59	1 170	***
Turkey	29 338	***	551	31 447	***
Ukraine	11 569	17 171	6 594	163 551	…
United Kingdom
England and Wales	7 073	4 371	54 568		1 044
Northern Ireland	272	…	…	580	25
Scotland	…	…	…	…	…

***: not applicable

Notes - Table 4.1

Austria: (e) = mentally ill prisoners who cannot be subject to a penal sanction; persons detained for failing to pay administrative fines.

Belgium: (e) = inmates of mental hospitals – social protection law -, foreigners – administrative measure -, vagrants, persons under 18 in custody, recidivists or habitual offenders detained at the discretion of the government.

Croatia: (e) = administrative sanctions (116), correctional mesures (74).

Czech Republic: (e) = persons detained pending extradition or expulsion.

Denmark: (e) = persons detained under immigration law.

France: (e) = civil imprisonment.

Germany: (e) = persons detained and awaiting extradition (3 598) and detention on remand (254).

Hungary: (e) = 178 persons detained for psychiatric treatment, 105 persons detained for failing to pay fines.

Netherlands: (e) “detention” = 305, persons detained under immigration law = 997, persons awaiting admission to a TBS-clinic = 236, persons of unknown status = 224, admission = 90.

Norway: (e) = persons detained for failing to pay fines.

Portugal: 189 persons with psychiatric problems detained by measure of safety.

Romania: “other cases” = sactions for administrative or summary offences.

Slovenia: “other cases”: the prison authorities are also responsible for persons sentenced for minor offences in juvenile courts and serving their sentences in education centres or correctional homes. The young people detained in these institutions are between 16 and 21 years of age, although some may be as old as 23. These sentences are not final – which is why this figure is not included in the figure for convicted prisoners whose sentences are final.

Sweden: “other cases” relates to certain prisoners who are drug addicts, juveniles kept in special detention, illegal immigrants awaiting deportation, persons awaiting placement in psychiatric institutions, and persons who have broken conditions of probation.

Switzerland: (a) = remand prisoners, prisoners who start to serve a sentence pending appeal in spite of its suspensive effect; prisoners detained pending expusion.

United Kingdom
Northern Ireland: (e) = civil prisoners (10), persons detained for failing to pay fines (15).

Table 4.2.1 Population of penal institutions on 1 September 2001: legal status (rates)

(a) Percentage of prisoners without final sentence
(b) Rate of prisoners without final sentence per 100 000 inhabitants
(c) Percentage of untried prisoners (i.e. no court decision yet reached)
(d) Rate of untried prisoners (i.e. no court decision yet reached) per 100 000 inhabitants

Reference: Council of Europe, SPACE 2001.421

	(a)	(b)	(c)	(d)
Albania	…	…	…	…
Andorra	70.8	51.4	70.8	51.4
Armenia	18.1	20.0	…	…
Austria	…	…	24.9	21.2
Azeerbaijan
Belgium	41.4	35.4	22.9	19.6
Bulgaria	…	…	4.2	4.8
Croatia	…	…	…	…
Cyprus	13.6	6.6	13.6	6.6
Czech Republic	…	…	13.2	27.3
Denmark	27.3	16.1	20.3	12.0
Estonia	…	…	29.8	104.3
Finland	…	…	…	…
France	31.9	24.6	28.5	21.9
Georgia
Germany	27.4	26.2	…	…
Greece	…	…	27.4	21.6
Hungary	27.4	46.9	19.6	33.6
Iceland	…	…	9.1	3.5
Ireland	…	…	…	…
Italy	45.9	43.8	24.6	23.4
Latvia	42.5	155	7.1	26.0
Lithuania	21.1	61.3	16.4	47.8
Luxembourg	45.1	36.5	39.2	31.7
Malta	30.7	20.7	30.7	20.7
Moldova	30.7	76.8	4.6	11.6
Netherlands	…	…	…	…
Norway	…	…	23.8	14.1
Poland	…	…	0.5	1.1
Portugal	…	…	…	…
Romania	25.1	56.3	11.3	25.3
Russia	98.5	661	5.6	37.5
Slovakia	…	…	…	…
Slovenia	36.5	21.2	8.3	4.8
Spain	…	…	21.7	25.4
Sweden	21.8	14.9	…	…
Switzerland	…	…	…	…
Note  “The F.Y.R.O. Macedonia”	17.2	12.0	3.4	2.4
Turkey	48.7	45.4	47.8	44.6
Ukraine	17.8	72.1	5.8	23.6
United Kingdom
England and Wales	…	…	10.5	13.3
Northern Ireland	…	…	…	…
Scotland	…	…	…	…

REMINDER

- Where the item "Sentenced prisoners who have appealed or who are within the statutory time-limit for doing so" is left blank in the questionnaire for lack of available data - without any further information being provided - it is assumed that prisoners in this situation are included among "sentenced prisoners (final sentence)". In this case, neither rate (a) - percentage of prisoners not serving a final sentence - nor rate (b) - prisoners not serving a final sentence per 100,000 inhabitants - can be calculated.

This applies to Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland, England and Wales, Northern Ireland.

- Where the item "Prisoners convicted but not yet sentenced" is left blank in the questionnaire for lack of available data - without any further information being provided - it is assumed that prisoners in this situation are included among "untried prisoners (not yet convicted)". In this case, neither rate (c) - proportion of untried prisoners (not yet convicted), as a percentage - nor rate (d) - untried prisoners (not yet convicted) per 100,000 inhabitants - can be calculated.

This applies to: Albania, Armenia, Croatia, Finland, Ireland, Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Northern Ireland.

Table 4.2.2 Population of penal institutions on 1 September 2001: legal status (rates): by increasing rates of detainees without a final sentence per 100 000 inhabitants.

(a) Percentage of prisoners without final sentence
(b) Rate of prisoners without final sentence per 100 000 inhabitants
(c) Percentage of untried prisoners (i.e. no court decision yet reached)
(d) Rate of untried prisoners (i.e. no court decision yet reached) per 100 000 inhabitants

Référence: Council of Europe, SPACE 2001.422

	(a)	(b)	(c)	(d)
Cyprus	13.6	6.6	13.6	6.6
“The F.Y.R.O. Macedonia”	17.2	12.0	3.4	2.4
Sweden	21.8	14.9	…	…
Danmark	27.3	16.1	20.3	12.0
Armenia	18.1	20.0	…	…
Malta	30.7	20.7	30.7	20.7
Slovenia	36.5	21.2	8.3	4.8
France	31.9	24.6	28.5	21.9
Germany	27.4	26.2	…	…
Belgium	41.4	35.4	22.9	19.6
Luxembourg	45.1	36.5	39.2	31.7
Italy	45.9	43.8	24.6	23.4
Turquy	48.7	45.4	47.8	44.6
Hungary	27.4	46.9	19.6	33.6
Andorra	70.8	51.4	70.8	51.4
Roumania	25.1	56.3	11.3	25.3
Lithuania	21.1	61.3	16.4	47.8
Ukraine	17.8	72.1	5.8	23.6
Moldova	30.7	76.8	4.6	11.6
Latvia	42.5	155	7.1	26.0
Russia	98.5	661	5.6	37.5

Table 4.2.3 Population of penal institutions on 1 September 2001: legal status (rates): by increasing order of untried detainees per 100 000 inhabitants.

(a) Percentage of prisonsers without final sentence
(b) Rate of prisoners without final sentence per 100 000 inhabitants
(c) Percentage of untried prisoners (i.e. no court decision yet reached)
(d) Rate of untried prisoners (i.e. no court decision yet reached) per 100 000 inhabitants

Reference: Council of Europe, SPACE 2001.423

	(a)	(b)	(c)	(d)
Poland	…	…	0.5	1.1
“The F.Y.R.O. Macedonia”	17.2	12.0	3.4	2.4
Iceland	…	…	9.1	3.5
Bulgaria	…	…	4.2	4.8
Slovenia	36.5	21.2	8.3	4.8
Cyprus	13.6	6.6	13.6	6.6
Moldova	30.7	76.8	4.6	11.6
Denmark	27.3	16.1	20.3	12.0
England and Wales	…	…	10.5	13.3
Norway	…	…	23.8	14.1
Belgium	41.4	35.4	22.9	19.6
Malta	30.7	20.7	30.7	20.7
Austria	…	…	24.9	21.2
Greece	…	…	27.4	21.6
France	31.9	24.6	28.5	21.9
Italy	45.9	43.8	24.6	23.4
Ukraine	17.8	72.1	5.8	23.6
Romania	25.1	56.3	11.3	25.3
Spain	…	…	21.7	25.4
Latvia	42.5	155	7.1	26.0
Czech Republic	…	…	13.2	27.3
Luxembourg	45.1	36.5	39.2	31.7
Hungary	27.4	46.9	19.6	33.6
Russia	98.5	661	5.6	37.5
Turquy	48.7	45.4	47.8	44.6
Lithuania	21.1	61.3	16.4	47.8
Andorra	70.8	51.4	70.8	51.4
Estonia	…	…	29.8	104

Table 5.1. Breakdown of sentenced prisoners (final sentence) by the main offence on 1 September 2001 (numbers)

Reference: Council of Europe, SPACE 2001.51

	Homicide	Assault	Rape	Violent robbery	Other types of theft	Drug offences	Other cases
Albania	658	29	28	290	95	71	128
Andorra	4	0	2	1	3	3	1
Armenia	…	…	…	…	…	…	…
Austria	…	…	…	…	…	…	…
Azerbaijan
Belgium	703	823	503	1 560	168	372	1 004
Bulgaria	1 134	67	362	936	3 125	47	2 049
Croatia	547	36	101	114	241	187	388
Cyprus	…	…	…	…	…	…	…
Czech Republic	…	…	…	…	…	…	…
Denmark	172	409	39	351	436	424	460
Estonia	642	…	143	424	…	…	2 797
Finland	485	352	63	207	620	449	438
France	3 118	4 005	7 415	3 919	3 753	3 751	6 063
Georgia
Germany	…	…	…	…	…	…	…
Greece	…	…	130	…	…	2 080	3 851
Hungary	1 515	868	612	2 538	3 979	191	2 722
Iceland	10	7	1	5	19	33	25
Ireland	…	…	…	…	…	…	…
Italy	4 907	125	624	4 398	1 350	11 038	7 375
Latvia	688	494	179	949	1 964	89	594
Lithuania	1 468	271	489	1 837	2 711	265	1 445
Luxembourg	30	11	26	26	21	56	26
Malta	28	3	5	4	35	88	15
Moldova	1 406	681	459	1 402	2 484	193	774
Netherlands	748	469	231	360	1 684	1 159	627
Norway	…	…	…	…	…	…	…
Poland	3 779	9 993	1 548	14 891	5 983	…	11 812
Portugal	1 055	204	295	1 267	1 924	3 969	537
Romania	6 389	893	1 683	5 733	18 525	165	4 355
Russia	…	…	…	…	…	…	…
Slovakia	…	…	…	…	…	…	…
Slovenia	113	41	60	85	123	64	247
Spain	1 742	871	1 687	16 969	2 143	11 260	2 089
Sweden	293	558	117	460	650	1 041	1 644
Switzerland	…	…	…	…	…	…	…
“The F.Y.R.O. Macedonia”	165	18	29	117	430	158	253
Turkey	6 060	707	2 124	107	4 046	2 708	15 695
Ukraine	20 299	17 835	5 077	12 709	70 679	7 455	29 512
United Kingdom
England and Wales	5 159	5 561	2 752	6 734	13 358	9 332	11 672
Northern Ireland	128	62	44	54	69	59	164
Scotland	…	…	…	…	…	…	…

Notes - Table 5.1

Estonia: Situation on 1 January 2001 (n = 4 006).

Finland: The data refers to the situation on 1 May 2001 (total number of sentenced prisoners = 2 614).

France: “Rape” includes rape and indecent assault.

Germany: Incomplete data.

Ireland: Incomplete data.

Poland: Situation on 31 December 2000 (n = 48 006).

Turkey: The term “rape” includes all sexual assaults.

United Kingdom
Northern Ireland: rape including attempted rape.

Table 5.2 Breakdown of sentenced prisoners (final sentence) by the main offence on 1 September 2001 (%)

Reference: Council of Europe, SPACE 2001.52

	Homicide	Assault	Rape	Violent robbery	Other types of theft	Drug offences	Other cases
Albania	50.7	2.2	2.2	22.3	7.3	5.5	9.9
Andorra	…	…	…	…	…	…	…
Armenia	…	…	…	…	…	…	…
Austria	…	…	…	…	…	…	…
Azerbaijan
Belgium	13.7	16.0	9.8	30.4	3.3	7.2	19.6
Bulgaria	14.7	0.9	4.7	12.1	40.5	0.6
Croatia	33.9	2.2	6.3	7.1	14.9	11.6	24.0
Cyprus	…	…	…	…	…	…	…
Czech Republic	…	…	…	…	…	…	…
Denmark	7.5	17.9	1.7	15.3	19.0	18.5	20.0
Estonia	16.0	…	3.6	10.6	…	…	69.8
Finland	18.5	13.5	2.4	7.9	23.7	17.2	16.8
France	9.7	12.5	23.2	12.2	11.7	11.7	18.9
Georgia
Germany	…	…	…	…	…	…	…
Greece	…	…	2.1	…	…	34.3	63.5
Hungary	12.2	7.0	4.9	20.4	32.0	1.5	12.4
Iceland	10.0	7.0	1.0	5.0	19.0	33.0	25.0
Ireland	…	…	…	…	…	…	…
Italy	16.5	0.4	2.1	14.7	4.5	37.0	24.7
Latvia	13.9	10.0	3.6	19.1	39.6	1.8	12.0
Lithuania	17.3	3.2	5.8	21.6	31.9	3.1	17.0
Luxembourg	15.3	5.6	13.3	13.3	10.7	28.6	13.3
Malta	15.7	1.7	2.8	2.2	19.7	49.4	8.4
Moldova	19.0	9.2	6.2	18.9	33.6	2.6	10.5
Netherlands	14.2	8.9	4.4	6.8	31.9	22.0	11.9
Norway	…	…	…	…	…	…	…
Poland	7.9	20.8	3.2	31.0	12.5	…	24.6
Portugal	11.4	2.2	3.2	13.7	20.8	42.9	5.8
Romania	16.9	2.4	4.5	15.2	49.1	0.4	11.5
Russia	…	…	…	…	…	…	…
Slovakia	…	…	…	…	…	…	…
Slovenia	15.4	5.6	8.2	11.6	16.8	8.7	33.7
Spain	4.7	2.4	4.6	46.2	5.8	30.6	5.7
Sweden	6.2	11.7	2.5	9.7	13.6	21.9	34.5
Switzerland	…	…	…	…	…	…	…
“The F.Y.R.O. Macedonia”	14.1	1.5	2.5	10.0	36.7	13.5	21.6
Turkey	19.3	2.2	6.7	0.3	12.9	8.6	49.9
Ukraine	12.4	10.9	3.1	7.8	43.2	4.6	18.0
United Kingdom
England and Wales	9.4	10.2	5.0	12.3	24.5	17.1	21.4
Northern Ireland	22.1	10.7	7.6	9.3	11.9	10.2	28.3
Scotland	…	…	…	…	…	…	…

Table 6.1 Breakdown of sentenced prisoners (final sentence) by length of the sentence on 1 September 2001 (numbers)

Reference: Council of Europe, SPACE 2001.61

	Less than 1 year	1 year to less than 3 years	3 years to less than 5 years	5 years to less than 10 years	10 years and over	Life imprisonment	Death sentenced prisoners
Albania	75	80	182	292	616	54	0
Andorra	1	5	2	3	3	0	***
Armenia	…	…	…	…	…	…	…
Austria	1 120	1 566	738	638	388	159	***
Azerbaijan
Belgium	344	827	1 377	1 534	482	271	1*
Bulgaria	1 705	2 329	1 400	1 325	880	81	***
Croatia	252	451	261	367	283	***	***
Cyprus	…	…	…	…	…	…	***
Czech Republic	5 038	5 331	2 036	2 115	1 031	20	***
Denmark	…	…	…	…	…	…	***
Estonia	172	896	510	1 245	413	26	***
Finland	763	846	405	365	172	60	***
France	9 672	6 298	3 244	4 990	7 281	539	***
Georgia
Germany	…	…	…	…	…	…	***
Greece	712	1 004		1 627	2 175	537	6*
Hungary	2 207	4 401	2 124	2 538	969	196	***
Iceland	27	34	17	13	9	***	***
Ireland	442	617	518	686	184	121	***
Italy	2 840	6 355	6 498	7 167	6 149	808	***
Latvia	165	1 388	1 227	1 745	419	13	***
Lithuania	539	2 739	1 853	2 398	888	69	***
Luxembourg	27	55	25	73		16	***
Malta	16	43	30	48	37	4	***
Moldova	65	572	1 625	3 376	1 718	43	***
Netherlands	2 084	1 485	765	757	187	10	***
Norway	…	…	…	…	…	***	***
Poland	10 507	21 878	7 402	5 082	3 092	45	***
Portugal	194	1 286	7 615			***	***
Romania	2 527	21 731		8 060	5 337	88	***
Russia	…	…	…	…	…	…	…
Slovakia	…	…	…	…	…	…	***
Slovenia	165	234	142	137	55	***	***
Spain	…	…	…	…	…	***	***
Sweden	1 412	1 590	731	641	283	106	***
Switzerland	…	…	…	…	…	…	***
“The F.Y.R.O. Macedoina	194	440	173	250	109	4	***
Turkey	4 726	4 893	3 013	4 151	12 315	2 349	…
Ukraine	…	…	…	…	…	659	***
United Kingdom
England and Wales	8 875	16 251	12 341	9 635	2 545	4 921	***
Northern Ireland	57	133	105	132	64	89	***
Scotland	…	…	…	…	…	…	***

*** not applicable

* This figure refers to persons given the death penalty before its abolition in the countries concerned. Other countries which have recently abolished the death penalty break this category down according to the sentence the prisoners concerned are actually serving.

Notes - Table 6.1

Belgium: The data provided do not relate to the total number of convicted prisoners. Figures by length of sentence are not available for certain prisoners serving a specified term (269), sentenced to more than five years (4) or sentenced to imprisonment solely in default of payment of a fine (5), prisoners on parole provisionally recalled to prison pending withdrawal (11), prisoners whose legal situation is provisional following transfer from abroad (3), and prisoners detained on remand pending cancellation of a probation measure (4).

Czech Republic: Situation on 31 December 2000 (n = 15 571).

Finland: The data refers to the situation on 1 May 2001 (total number of prisoners = 2,611). The difference of 3 compared with table 5.1 corresponds to three convicted prisoners who are affected by joinder of cases and whose final sentences are not yet known.

Portugal: The table does not include indefinite sentences (55, or 0.6%) or prisoners with mental problems detained by virtue of a security measure (101, or 1.1%).

Slovenia: The minimum term is fifteen days and the maximum fifteen years. A thirty-year sentence may be ordered only for the most serious crimes (first degree murder, genocide, war crimes), but this is exceptional. The Criminal Code does not provide for life sentences.

Spain: The data provided have been broken down according to different time brackets:

- Prisoners sentenced under the old Criminal Code (1973): less than one month (49), one month to less than six months (372), six months to less than six years (3 308), six years to less than twelve years (1 867), twelve years to less than twenty years (1 244), twenty to thirty years (880).

- Prisoners sentenced under the new Criminal Code (1995): six months to less than three years (10 722), three years to less than eight years (11 477), eight years to less than fifteen years (4 757), ), fifteen to twenty years (900), more than 20 years (287), sentence of weekend arrest (421), pecuniary punishment (44), security measures (433).

United Kingdom
England and Wales: The time brackets are “one year and less”, “more than a year to three years”, “more than three years to five years”, “more than five years to ten years”, “more than ten years”.

Table 6.2 Breakdown of sentenced prisoners (final sentence) by length of the sentence on 1 September 2001 (%)

Référence : Conseil de l’Europe, SPACE 2001.62

	Less than 1 year	1 year to less than 3 years	3 years to less than 5 years	5 years to less than 10 years	10 years and over	Life imprisonment	Death sentenced prisoners
Albania	5.8	6.2	14.0	22.5	47.4	4.2	0.0
Andorra	…	…	…	…	…	…	***
Armenia	…	…	…	…	…	…	…
Austria	24.3	34.0	16.0	13.8	8.4	3.4	***
Azerbaijan
Belgium	6.7	16.1	26.8	29.9	9.4	5.3	0.0
Bulgaria	22.1	30.2	18.1	17.2	11.4	1.0	***
Croatia	15.6	27.9	16.2	22.7	17.5	***	***
Cyprus	…	…	…	…	…	…	***
Czech Republic	32.4	34.2	13.1	13.6	6.6	0.1	***
Denmark	…	…	…	…	…	…	***
Estonia	5.3	27.5	15.6	38.2	12.7	0.8	***
Finland	29.2	32.4	15.5	14.0	6.6	2.3	***
France	30.2	20.0	10.1	15.6	22.7	1.7	***
Georgia
Germany	…	…	…	…	…	…	***
Greece	11.7	16.6		26.8	35.9	8.9	0.0
Hungary	17.7	35.3	17.0	20.4	7.8	1.6	***
Iceland	27.0	34.0	17.0	13.0	9.0	***	***
Ireland	17.2	24.0	20.2	26.7	7.2	4.7	***
Italy	9.5	21.3	21.8	24.0	20.6	2.7	***
Latvia	3.3	28.0	24.8	35.2	8.5	0.3	***
Lithuania	6.4	32.3	21.8	28.3	10.5	0.8	***
Luxembourg	13.8	28.1	12.8	37.2		8.2	***
Malta	9.0	24.1	16.9	27.0	20.8	2.2	***
Moldova	0.9	7.7	22.0	45.6	23.2	0.6	***
Netherlands	39.4	28.1	14.5	14.3	3.5	0.2	***
Norway	…	…	…	…	…	***	***
Poland	21.9	45.6	15.4	10.6	6.4	0.0	***
Portugal	2.1	13.9	82.3			***	***
Romania	6.7	57.6		21.4	14.1	0.2	***
Russia	…	…	…	…	…	…	…
Slovakia	…	…	…	…	…	…	***
Slovenia	22.5	31.9	19.4	18.7	7.5	***	***
Spain	…	…	…	…	…	***	***
Sweden	29.6	33.3	15.3	13.5	5.9	2.2	***
Switzerland	…	…	…	…	…	…	***
“The F.Y.R.O. Macedonia”	16.6	37.6	14.8	21.4	9.3	0.3	***
Turkey	15.0	15.6	9.6	13.2	39.2	7.5	…
Ukraine	…	…	…	…	…	…	***
United Kingdom
England and Wales	16.3	29.8	22.6	17.7	4.7	9.0	***
Northern Ireland	9.8	22.9	18.1	22.8	11.0	15.3	***
Scotland	…	…	…	…	…	…	***

*** not applicable

Table 6.3 Breakdown of sentenced prisoners (final sentence) by length of the sentence on 1 September 2001: cumulative %

Reference: Council of Europe, SPACE 2001.63

	Time sentence	1 year and over	3 years and over	5 years and over	10 years and over	Life imprisonment	Death sentenced prisoners
Albania	95.8	90.1	83.9	69.9	47.4	4.2	0.0
Andorra	…	…	…	…	…	…	***
Armenia	…	…	…	…	…	…	…
Austria	96.6	72.2	38.2	22.2	8.4	3.4	***
Azerbaijan
Belgium	88.9	82.2	66.1	39.3	9.4	5.3	0.0
Bulgaria	99.0	76.9	46.7	28.6	11.4	1.0	***
Croatia	100	84.3	56.4	40.2	17.5	***	***
Cyprus	…	…	…	…	…	…	***
Czech Republic	99.9	67.5	33.3	20.2	6.6	0.1	***
Denmark	…	…	…	…	…	…	***
Estonia	99.2	94.0	66.5	50.9	12.7	0.8	***
Finland	97.7	68.5	36.1	20.6	6.6	2.3	***
France	98.6	68.4	48.4	38.3	22.7	1.7	***
Georgia
Germany	…	…	…	…	…	…	***
Greece	91.1	79.3	…	62.7	35.9	8.9	0.0
Hungary	98.4	80.5	45.2	28.2	7.8	1.6	***
Iceland	100	73.0	39.0	22.0	9.0	***	***
Ireland	95.3	78.1	54.1	33.9	7.2	4.7	***
Italy	97.3	87.7	66.4	44.6	20.6	2.7	***
Latvia	99.7	96.5	68.5	43.7	8.5	0.3	***
Lithuania	99.2	92.9	60.6	38.8	10.5	0.8	***
Luxembourg	91.8	78.1	50.0	37.2	…	8.2	***
Malta	97.8	88.8	64.7	47.8	20.8	2.2	***
Moldova	99.4	98.5	90.8	68.8	23.2	0.6	***
Netherlands	99.8	60.4	32.3	17.8	3.5	0.2	***
Norway	…	…	…	…	…	***	***
Poland	100	78.0	32.4	17.0	6.4	0.0	***
Portugal	98.3	96.2	82.3	…	…	***	***
Romania	99.8	93.1	…	35.5	14.1	0.2	***
Russia	…	…	…	…	…	…	…
Slovakia	…	…	…	…	…	…	***
Slovenia	100	77.5	45.6	26.2	7.5	***	***
Spain	…	…	…	…	…	***	***
Sweden	97.8	68.0	34.7	19.4	5.9	2.2	***
Switzerland	…	…	…	…	…	…	***
“The F.Y.R.O. Macedonia”	99.7	83.1	45.5	30.7	9.3	0.3	***
Turkey	92.5	77.6	62.0	52.4	39.2	7.5	…
Ukraine	…	…	…	…	…	…	***
United Kingdom
England and Wales	91.0	74.8	45.0	22.4	4.7	9.0	***
Northern Ireland	84.7	74.8	51.9	33.8	11.0	15.3	***
Scotland	…	…	…	…	…	…	***

***not applicable

Table 7.1 Breakdown of sentenced prisoners (final sentence) by length of the sentence on 1 September 2001: less than one year (numbers)

Reference: Council of Europe, SPACE 2001.71

	Less than 1 month	1 month to less than 3 months	3 months to less than 6 months	6 months to less than 1 year	Total less than 1 year
Albania	7	13	23	32	75
Andorra	1	0	0	0	1
Armenia	…	…	…	…	…
Austria	17	154	319	630	1 120
Azerbaijan
Belgium	8	19	93	224	344
Bulgaria	…	…	…	…	1 705
Croatia	20	18	82	132	252
Cyprus	…	…	…	…	…
Czech Republic	***	209	1 005	3 824	5 038
Denmark	…	…	…	…	…
Estonia	***	***	***	172	172
Finland	8	144	257	354	763
France	4 821			4 851	9 672
Georgia
Germany	726	4 681	7 903	12 442	25 752
Greece	413			299	712
Hungary	10	103	365	1 729	2 207
Iceland	2	9	8	8	27
Ireland	19	62	88	273	442
Italy	130	177	615	1 918	2 840
Latvia	…	…	16	149	165
Lithuania	0	0	172	367	539
Luxembourg	6	1	10	10	27
Malta	0	0	5	11	16
Moldova	…	…	…	65	65
Netherlands	293	547	535	709	2 084
Norway	…	…	…	…	…
Poland	368	182	2 110	7 847	10 507
Portugal	65			129	194
Romania	…	…	…	…	2 527
Russia	…	…	…	…	…
Slovakia	219			912	1 131
Slovenia	0	11	69	85	165
Spain	…	…	…	…	…
Sweden	9	237	403	763	1 412
Switzerland	…	…	…	…	…
“The F.Y.R.O. Macedonia”	8	10	60	116	194
Turkey	1 455	845	913	1 513	4 726
Ukraine	…	…	…	…	…
United Kingdom
England and Wales	1 952		4 340	2 583	8 875
Northern Ireland	0	3	9	45	57
Scotland	…	…	…	…	…