On 1 January 2010, some 100 000 cases were pending before the European Court of Human Rights. The explosive growth of litigation in the last ten years is due not only to the accession of new Council of Europe member states but also to a massive inflow of individual applications from both old and new member states. This situation poses a threat to the effective functioning of the Court. If it is to fulfil its essential functions, the processing of cases that are manifestly inadmissible or purely repetitive must be speeded up as a matter of urgency.

The reform of the Court, begun back in 2001, was the subject of a new protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights, Protocol No. 14. This was opened for signature in 2004 and will enter into force on 1 June 2010. Its purpose is to guarantee the long-term efficiency of the Court by optimising the screening and processing of applications. It envisages, among other measures, the creation of new judicial formations for the simplest cases, a new admissibility criterion (the existence of ''significant disadvantage'') and introduces a nine-year non-renewable term of office for judges.

Pending the final ratification that will allow the instrument to come into force and in order to provide a temporary but quick solution to the Court's excessive caseload, a new Protocol No. 14bis was adopted in May 2009 during the session of the Council of Europe's Committee of Ministers in Madrid. This protocol contained procedural measures taken from Protocol No. 14 to increase the Court’s case-processing capacity as rapidly as possible.